基于可视化仿真的川西高山村落暴雨灾害避难建筑设计策略研究

据相关研究统计，我国超过80%的山地灾害与降雨相关。由暴雨引发的泥石流、滑坡等灾害导致道路、物资等大量冲毁，在高山环境影响下形成“避难时间长”、“夜间温度低”的避难特点。而受山地微气候变化影响，高山暴雨灾害具有突发性与局地性特征，灾害预警时间短，远距离迁徙避难困难，使其对就地避难空间产生了强烈需求。然而，我国现行相关规范标准主要以地震为灾源，人口规模较小的村落通常以场地型避难为主，避难建筑相对缺乏，功能配置相对不足，应对高山暴雨灾害的能力较为缺乏。因此，本项目以“灾害频发”且“小灾大害”的川西高山村落为研究对象，根据灾源特点与环境特点建立影响因子集，结合国家现行规范标准，利用插值法与实测数据统计对避难建筑面积指标进行量化；最后，根据暴雨灾害风险区划，归纳避难场景类型；利用可视化仿真模拟，分析村落典型避难建筑空间与布局的适应性，提出相应的优化策略，为避难建筑相关规范标准及设计提供支撑。

According to relevant research statistics, more than 80% of mountainous disasters in China are related to rainfall. Disasters such as mudslides and landslides caused by heavy rains have caused a large number of roads and materials to be destroyed or even washed away. Under the influence of the high mountain environment, it has formed the shelter traits of "long evacuation time" and "low temperature at night". Due to the impact of mountain microclimate changes, heavy rain disasters in mountain areas have sudden and local characteristics, resulting in that the warning time of these disasters is short, and it is difficult to realize long-distance migration and shelter, which generates a strong demand for on-spot shelter space. However, the current relevant criterion and standards in China are mainly based on earthquakes as the source of disasters. Villages with small populations usually adopt site-based evacuation methods. The shelters are relatively lacking, and the functional configuration is relatively insufficient to cope with disasters caused by heavy rains in shelterthe mountains, which leads to the extreme lack of the capacity to respond to disasters caused by heavy rains. Therefore, taking the high mountain villages in western Sichuan with the characteristics of "disasters frequently occurring" and "small disasters causing great harm" as the research object, this project established an impact factor set based on the characteristics of disaster sources and environmental characteristics, combined with the current national norms and standards, as well as used the interpolation method and actual measurement data statistics to quantify the area indicators of shelter buildings. Meanwhile, according to the division of heavy rain disaster risk areas, it determined the type of refuge scene. Furthermore, by using visual simulation, it analyzed the adaptability of the space and layout of typical shelter buildings in the village, and proposed corresponding optimization strategies, aiming to provide basic support for the design and standard specifications of shelter buildings.