典型深海极端环境微生物多尺度演变的特征与机制研究

深海冷泉、热液和深渊环境均属深海极端环境，是地球科学和生命科学的前沿研究领域。受地质活动和流体活动的影响，上述深海环境均处于动态变化中，是研究微生物环境适应性演变的理性对象。为系统揭示深海环境变化对微生物的短期和长期影响，本研究拟选择南海海马冷泉区、西北印度洋卡尔斯伯格脊卧蚕热液区和马里亚纳海沟等典型深海极端环境，利用沉积物岩芯样品和时间序列采集的近底水体样品，开展地球化学和微生物多组学的配套分析，研究昼夜-年际-千年际等多时间尺度下微生物种群、代谢功能及活性的演变特征；结合实验室模拟研究，揭示驱动深海微生物演变的主要环境因子及微生物与深海环境的互作机制；通过群体遗传学和系统发生学分析，研究代表性微生物类群对不同深海极端环境的适应策略及演化规律。本项目的开展将有助于系统认识深海环境微生物在不同时空尺度下的演替、适应和演化特征与过程，加深对微生物与深海环境相互作用、协同演化的认知。

The three typical deep-sea extreme environments, deep-sea hydrothermal vents, cold-seeps and hadal zones, are the most concerned research fields in both earth sciences and life sciences. The three typical deep-sea environments are constantly variable due to geological and fluid activities, providing ideal materials for the studies of microbial adaptation and evolution. This study aims to elucidate the short-term and long-term impacts of dynamic deep-sea physicochemical environments on microorganisms, as well as the evolutionary and adaptive characteristics of deep-sea microorganisms in response to environmental changes. By using sediment cored samples and time-serial bottom sea water samples collected from the cold-seep ‘Haima’, the Wocan hydrothermal plume-influenced zone in the northwestern Indian Ocean and the Mariana Trench, the succession of microbial community structure, metabolic functions and activities at different temporal and spatial scales such as diurnal, interannual, and millennial scales will be investigated by means of microbial omics and geochemical analysis techniques. By integrating analysis of environmental physicochemical parameters and simulation experiments, the study aims to reveal the primary environmental factors driving the evolution of deep-sea microorganisms and elucidate the mechanisms of microbial interactions with the deep-sea environment. Through population genetics and phylogenetic analysis, the study will investigate the adaptive strategies and evolutionary patterns of representative microbial groups in different deep-sea environments. This research is expected to provide a systematic understanding of the succession, adaptation, and evolution processes of microorganisms in typical deep-sea environments at different temporal and spatial scales, thereby deepening our knowledge of the interactions and coevolution between microorganisms and the deep-sea environment.