N，P掺杂C层的核壳状多孔碳材料可控制备及其电化学性能研究

超级电容器在储能领域具有重要的应用前景，开发出高能量和功率密度的超级电容器依然是当前关注的热点问题。本项目以海藻酸钠温和可控的胶凝特点为出发点，利用尺寸可控ZnO硬模板诱导内部固化法合成孔道结构丰富的海藻酸锌水凝胶，借助层层组装技术对水凝胶表面进行含氮和含磷化学修饰，高温碳化制备核壳状N，P掺杂C层修饰多孔碳。详细研究ZnO硬模板和ZnCl2活化协同作用对合成材料微观结构的调控规律，深入分析材料中杂原子掺杂状态、位置及含量的变化规律，实现核壳状N，P掺杂C层修饰多孔碳的结构裁剪和界面调控，建立杂原子掺杂多孔碳可控制备的新技术。以咪唑类离子液体作为超级电容器电解液，阐明核壳状N，P掺杂C层修饰多孔碳与电解液界面电子传导机理和化学作用，揭示合成材料的微观结构-界面性质与电容性能间构效关系，实现电极材料和电解液间最大匹配输出。

Supercapacitors hold a potential application in the field of energy storage. It is still a hot issue to develop super capacitor with high-energy and high-power densities. Based on the characteristic of easy transformation of sodium alginate to hydrogel, Zinc alginate aerogel with well-developed porous structure is obtained by a ZnO hard template-induced internal solidification method. The surface of the hydrogel is chemically modified with nitrogen and phosphorus-contained precursors by a layer-by-layer assembly method. Finally, core-shell N,P-doped carbon layer-decorated porous carbon is prepared by the high-temperature carbonization. The effects of ZnO hard template and ZnCl2 activation on the microstructure of the as-prepared materials are studied in detail. The elemental states and contents of the doped heteroatoms in the samples are deeply analyzed. The core-shell N, P-doped carbon layer-decorated porous carbon with well-controlled microstructure and surface property are realized, and then a new technology for the preparation of heteroatom-doped porous carbon is established. In this paper, imidazole ionic liquid is used as the electrolyte for supercapacitor. The relationship between the microstructure of porous carbon and the electrochemical performance is evaluated. The mechanism of the electron conduction of the electrolyte on the sample is described accurately to achieve the maximum energy output between the electrode and the electrolyte.