Shifting Patterns of House Structures during the Neolithic-Bronze Age in the Yellow River Basin: An Environmental Perspective
Shifting Patterns of House Structures during the Neolithic-Bronze Age in the Yellow River Basin: An Environmental Perspective
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DOI：
10.3390/land10060574
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发表时间：
2021-05
期刊：
影响因子：
3.9
通讯作者：
Peng Lu;Yan Tian;Michael J. Storozum;Panpan Chen;Hui Wang;Xia Wang;Junjie Xu;Lei Jing;Lijie Yan;Zhang–wei Li;Duowen Mo
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Peng Lu;Yan Tian;Michael J. Storozum;Panpan Chen;Hui Wang;Xia Wang;Junjie Xu;Lei Jing;Lijie Yan;Zhang–wei Li;Duowen Mo
房屋的出现是世界范围内的一场社会革命。在过去的几十年里，中国考古学家已经挖掘出许多新石器时代到青铜时代的房屋，但仍然存在很大的不确定性的社会和环境因素驱动这些房屋结构之间的差异在黄河流域。本文通过对黄河上、中、下游地区新石器-青铜时代房屋形制和规模的发掘，分析了影响北方房屋结构发展的社会环境因素。研究结果表明，黄河中下游地区房屋的形态和规模的发展有着不同的节奏，但总体上遵循着相似的发展序列：（1）10-8 kaBP，黄河中下游地区出现了聚落的萌芽，（2）8-7 kaBP，人们开始建造无墙的小木垛;（3）7-6 kaBP，出现了中等规模的矮墙式井楼，地面建筑为木骨架和泥墙式，（4）6-5 kaBP，出现了超大型房屋;（5）5- 4kaBP，房屋形态发生了变化，出现了木骨架土墙、夯土墙、泥草混合墙和土坯墙等木骨架土墙、夯土墙、泥草混合墙、土坯墙等木骨架土墙、土坯墙等木骨架土墙、土坯墙（6）4-3 kaBP，原始宫殿出现。我们的分析表明，环境中发挥了至关重要的作用，在确定随着时间的推移，房子的变化，早至中期全新世的温暖和潮湿的气候提供了良好的条件，为整个地区的定居点的出现。由于树木短缺，人们选择改变他们的房屋建造方法，以适应日益严重的木材短缺。总之，房屋建造方法的快速转变反映了不断变化的生态条件以及资源限制驱动的环境和社会实践之间的反馈循环。
The emergence of houses is a social revolution around the world. Over the past several decades, Chinese archaeologists have excavated many Neolithic to Bronze Age houses, but there is still a great amount of uncertainty about the social and environmental factors driving the differences between these house structures in the Yellow River Basin. In this paper, we summarize data from excavation reports on the shape and size of Neolithic-Bronze Age houses in the upper, middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, respectively, to identify some social and environmental factors that may have affected the development of house structures across northern China. Our results show that the shape and size of the houses developed at a different pace, but in general followed a similar developmental sequence: (1) 10–8 ka BP, the bud of settlements emerged in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River; (2) 8–7 ka BP, people started to construct small pithouses without walls; (3) 7–6 ka BP, people made medium-sized pithouses with low walls, and surface buildings were made with a wood skeleton and mud walls; (4) 6–5 ka BP, ultra-large houses emerged; (5) 5–4 ka BP, house form became more varied, including pithouses, cave dwellings and surface buildings with a wood skeleton mud wall, rammed earth wall, piled mud-grass mixed walls and adobe walls; and (6) 4–3 ka BP, original palaces emerged. Our analyses indicate that the environment played an essential role in determining the house changes over time and that the early to middle Holocene’s warm and humid climate provided excellent conditions for the emergence of settlements throughout the region. Due to the shortage of trees, people chose to change their house construction methods to accommodate the growing lumber shortage. In conclusion, the rapid shift in house construction methods reflects the changing ecological condition as well as a feedback cycle between the environment and social practices driven by resource limitations.