Insect pigmentation:: Activities of β-alanyldopamine synthase in wing color patterns of wild-type and melanic mutant swallowtail butterfly Papilio glaucus
Insect pigmentation:: Activities of β-alanyldopamine synthase in wing color patterns of wild-type and melanic mutant swallowtail butterfly Papilio glaucus
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DOI：
10.1111/j.0893-5785.2000.130811.x
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发表时间：
2000-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Ffrench-Constant, RH
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Koch, PB;Behnecke, B;Ffrench-Constant, RH
颜色模式的形成进行了研究，在野生型和黑色燕尾，因为他们独特的色素系统，papiliochromes，这是来自酪氨酸以及从色氨酸途径。在一个比较的方法，新使用的雌性凤蝶灰绿，出现在两个表型。野生型（黄色和黑色）或黑色。在发育中的翅膀中，色素合成始于黄色蝶形色素的形成，随后是黑色黑色素。从早期的研究中，我们知道多巴胺是由多巴脱羧酶（DDC）从DOP;I中产生的，是黑色素和N-β-丙氨酰多巴胺（NBAD）在黄色蝶形色素合成中的前体。因此，DDC表达和酶活性是两种类型的色素形成鳞片细胞所必需的，并且以时间和模式特异性方式发生。然而，DDC单独的差异活性不足以调节不同颜色鳞片中不同色素的合成。因此，我们测试的假设是否活性的另一种酶，β-丙氨酰多巴胺合成酶（BAS），具体调节papiliochrome合成。BAS将β-丙氨酸转化为多巴胺，使NBAD成为黄色蝶形色素的一种成分。我们开发了一种BAS活性的放射性酶测定法，其中（C-14）-β-丙氨酸与多巴胺、Mg+ +离子和ATP一起孵育，并与含有推定的BAS活性的翅匀浆一起孵育。事实上，在黄色翅膀中测量到高BAS活性与高DDC活性一致。与此相反，在黑色翅膀几乎没有BAS活动被发现。从这个结果很明显，在黄色鳞片的papiliochrome合成是由BAS转移多巴胺进入papiliochrome通路和黑色素通路，反之亦然。
Color pattern formation was studied in wild-type and melanic swallowtails because of their unique pigment system, the papiliochromes, which are derived from the tyrosine as well as from the tryptophan pathway. In a comparative approach ne used females of Papilio glaucus which occur in two phenotypes. either wild-type (yellow and black) or melanic. Pigment synthesis in the developing wings starts with formation of yellow papiliochromes followed later by black melanin. From earlier studies we know that dopamine produced from DOP;I by the enzyme dopadecarboxylase (DDC), is a precursor of both black melanin and also of N-beta-alanyldopamine (NBAD) in yellow papiliochrome synthesis. Thus, DDC expression and enzyme activity is required in both types of pigment forming scale cells and occurs in a time and pattern specific manner. However, differential activity of DDC alone can not be sufficient to regulate synthesis of different pigments in differently colored scales. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis whether activity of another enzyme, beta-alanyldopamine synthase (BAS), regulates specifically papiliochrome synthesis. BAS transfers beta-alanine to dopamine to give NBAD a component of a yellow papiliochrome. We developed a radio-enzyme-assay of BAS activity in which (C-14)-beta-alanine is incubated with dopamine, Mg+ +-ions and ATP together with wing homogenates containing putative BAS activity. In fact, high BAS activity was measured in yellow wings in concert with a high DDC activity. In contrast, in melanic wings almost no BAS activity was found. From this result it is clear, that papiliochrome synthesis in yellow scales is switched on by BAS shifting dopamine into the papiliochrome pathway and out of the melanin pathway or vice versa.