Cognitive fatigue and complex decision making under prolonged isolation and confinement.
Cognitive fatigue and complex decision making under prolonged isolation and confinement.
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DOI：
10.1016/s1569-2574(08)60067-2
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发表时间：
1996-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Sauer, J
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Hockey, G R;Sauer, J
对4名健康受试者(3名男性和1名女性)在模拟空间站环境的高压舱中禁闭60天后，评估了认知疲劳和主观状态。他们被要求每天进行工作记忆/决策测试，模拟航天器大气中存在的污染物水平的管理。有关一组污染物的信息显示在一个“参考屏幕”上。必须记住这一点，然后用它来决定是否需要在四个“状态屏幕”序列中采取纠正措施。受试者可随时查阅参考资料。在指导和培训中强调了低错误率。除错误率外，还根据作出决定和检查参考屏幕所用的时间(决定时间和检查时间)来衡量绩效。主观测量还包括工作量和环境资源(个人控制和支持)，任务前的焦虑和疲劳水平，以及任务期间的认知努力。在隔离期的后半段，寻找减少量的过程变得复杂起来，因为有证据表明，在隔离期的后半段，学习过程仍在继续，这可能是因为隔离前的练习不足。将学习曲线(负指数函数)拟合到隔离期前半部分的数据点，并分析后四周预测数据与观测数据之间的残差。在隔离的最后几周里，所有受试者的决策时间和检查时间都有所增加，其中一名受试者的错误也有所增加。报告的工作量水平为中等，但在四个主题中有所不同，资源也是如此。在整个60天期间，焦虑程度较低且相对稳定，但疲劳程度在下半年有所上升。对于保持要求的低错误率的两个受试者来说，情况尤其如此。努力也相当稳定，尽管它倾向于跟随工作需求和疲劳的变化。个别受试者以不同的方式适应长期与世隔绝的压力。两名受试者在主观要求增加的情况下，通过额外的认知努力和表现的减慢，保持了较低的错误率。另外两个受试者表现出更广泛的减少，包括高错误率，而不增加主观要求。建议对个体适应模式进行分析，以此作为了解和预测航天飞行期间隔离和限制的影响的一种方式。
Cognitive fatigue and subjective state were assessed in four healthy subject (three males and one female), confined for a period of 60 days in a hyperbaric chamber stimulating a space station environment. They were required to carry out daily a working memory/decision-making test, simulating the management of the levels of contaminants present in a spacecraft atmosphere. Information about a set of contaminants is presented on a 'reference screen.' This has to be memorized, then used to make decisions about the need for corrective action across a sequence of four 'status screens.' Subjects may check back to the reference information at any time. A low error rate was emphasized in the instructions and training. In addition to error rate, performance was also measured in terms of the time taken to make decisions and checks of reference screens (decision time and check time). Subjective measures were also made of workload and environmental resources (personal control and support), levels of anxiety and fatigue before the task, and cognitive effort expended during the task. The search for decrements during the second half of the isolation period was complicated by evidence of a continued learning process during the first half, probably because of insufficient practice before isolation. Learning curves (negative exponential functions) were fitted to the data points for the first half of the isolation period, and residuals between predicted and observed data for the second four weeks were analyzed. All subjects showed increases in decision time and check time during the last weeks of isolation, with one subject also showing an increase in errors. Workload levels were reported as moderate, but varied across the four subjects, The same was true for resources. Anxiety was low and relatively stable over the entire 60-day period, but fatigue levels were elevated during the second half. This was particularly true for the two subjects who maintained the required low error rate. Effort was also quite stable, through it tended to follow changes in work demands and fatigue. Individual subjects are seen to adapt to the stress of prolonged isolation in different ways. Two subjects maintained low error rates under increasing subjective demands by additional cognitive effort and slowing of performance. The other two subjects exhibit more widespread decrement, including high error rates, without increase in subjective demands. The analysis of individual patterns of adaptation is recommended as a way of understanding and predicting the impact of isolation and confinement during spaceflights.