SILCC-Zoom: H2 and CO-dark gas in molecular clouds – the impact of feedback and magnetic fields

SILCC-Zoom: H2 and CO-dark gas in molecular clouds – the impact of feedback and magnetic fields
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SILCC-Zoom:分子云中的 H2 和 CO 暗气体 – 反馈和磁场的影响

DOI:
10.1093/mnras/stz3563
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发表时间:
2019
影响因子:
4.8
通讯作者:
T. Bisbas
T. Bisbas
中科院分区:
物理与天体物理2区
文献类型:
--
作者:
D. Seifried;S. Haid;S. Walch;E. M. A. Borchert;T. Bisbas;T. Bisbas

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我们分析了 SILCC-Zoom 项目模拟分子云的 CO 暗分子气体含量。模拟分辨率达到 0.1 pc,包括 H2 和 CO 的形成、辐射恒星反馈和磁场。 CO 暗气体存在于局部视觉消光 $A_\rm {V, 3D} \sim$ 0.2–1.5、数密度为 10–103 cm−3 且气体温度为 10–100 K 的区域。CO 亮气体发现于数密度高于 300 cm−3 且温度低于 50 K 的区域。CO 暗气体分数范围为40% 到 95%,与良好屏蔽气体的量成反比 ($A_\rm {V, 3D}$ ≳ 1.5),在磁化分子云中较小。我们表明,沿着给定视线的密度、化学丰度和 $A_\rm {V, 3D}$ 无法根据预测量正确确定。例如,预计视觉消光为 $A_\rm {V, 2D} \simeq$ 2.5–5 的像素可以同时是 CO 亮或 CO 暗,这可以归因于沿视线是否存在强密度增强。通过使用 RADMC-3D 生成模拟的合成 CO(1-0) 排放图,我们表明大约 15-65% 的 H2 位于强度低于检测限的区域。我们的云有大约 1.5 × 1020 cm−2 (K km s−1)−1 的 $X_\rm {CO}$ 因子,扩展高达因子 ∼ 4,这意味着导出的总 H2 质量存在类似的不确定性,对于单个像素来说更糟。根据我们的结果,我们提出了一种确定 H2 质量的新方法,该方法依赖于 CO(1-0) 排放和 $A_\rm {V, 2D}$ 图的可用性。它将云的整体 H2 质量的不确定性降低到 ≲ 1.8 倍,对于单个像素(即亚 PC 尺度),降低到 ≲ 3 倍。
We analyse the CO-dark molecular gas content of simulated molecular clouds from the SILCC-Zoom project. The simulations reach a resolution of 0.1 pc and include H2 and CO formation, radiative stellar feedback and magnetic fields. CO-dark gas is found in regions with local visual extinctions $A_\rm {V, 3D} \sim$ 0.2–1.5, number densities of 10–103 cm−3 and gas temperatures of few 10–100 K. CO-bright gas is found at number densities above 300 cm−3 and temperatures below 50 K. The CO-dark gas fractions range from 40 per cent to 95 per cent and scale inversely with the amount of well-shielded gas ($A_\rm {V, 3D}$ ≳ 1.5), which is smaller in magnetized molecular clouds. We show that the density, chemical abundances and $A_\rm {V, 3D}$ along a given line-of-sight cannot be properly determined from projected quantities. As an example, pixels with a projected visual extinction of $A_\rm {V, 2D} \simeq$ 2.5–5 can be both, CO-bright or CO-dark, which can be attributed to the presence or absence of strong density enhancements along the line-of-sight. By producing synthetic CO(1-0) emission maps of the simulations with RADMC-3D, we show that about 15–65 per cent of the H2 is in regions with intensities below the detection limit. Our clouds have $X_\rm {CO}$-factors around 1.5 × 1020 cm−2 (K km s−1)−1 with a spread of up to a factor ∼ 4, implying a similar uncertainty in the derived total H2 masses and even worse for individual pixels. Based on our results, we suggest a new approach to determine the H2 mass, which relies on the availability of CO(1-0) emission and $A_\rm {V, 2D}$ maps. It reduces the uncertainty of the clouds’ overall H2 mass to a factor of ≲ 1.8 and for individual pixels, i.e. on sub-pc scales, to a factor of ≲ 3.
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发表时间: 2018-09
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发表时间: 2000
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