A CMOS Timer-Injector Integrated Circuit for Self-Powered Sensing of Time-of-Occurrence
A CMOS Timer-Injector Integrated Circuit for Self-Powered Sensing of Time-of-Occurrence
复制标题
用于自供电检测发生时间的 CMOS 定时器注入器集成电路
DOI：
10.1109/jssc.2018.2793531
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发表时间：
2018
影响因子：
5.4
通讯作者：
S. Chakrabartty
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Liang Zhou;K. Aono;S. Chakrabartty
对事件发生时间的自供电感测具有挑战性，因为它需要访问可靠的时间参考或同步时钟。在本文中，我们首次提出了一种自供电的集成电路，能够对感兴趣的异步机械事件进行时间戳。所提出的设计的核心是两个自供电模块的集成：1）基于Fowler-Nordheim隧道的芯片级定时器阵列，用于生成精确的相对时间基准;以及2）线性压电驱动的热电子注入器，用作浮栅存储器，用于记录机械事件的发生。本文介绍了测量结果，从一个$4 \times 4$完全可编程定时器阵列片上系统（SoC）和线性注入器阵列SoC，这两者都已在一个标准的双多晶硅CMOS工艺的原型。定时器阵列相对于外部软件时钟的同步误差被测量为在100小时的持续时间内小于1%，并且感测事件发生时间的平均准确度被测量为6.9%。自供电系统的最小激活能被测量为840 nJ（针对1 s的事件持续时间测量），这显著低于可以从典型的机械冲击中获得的能量。
Self-powered sensing of the time-of-occurrence of an event is challenging, because it requires access to a reliable time reference or a synchronized clock. In this paper, we propose for the first time a self-powered integrated circuit that is capable of time-stamping asynchronous mechanical events of interest. The core of the proposed design is the integration of two self-powered modules: 1) a chip-scale Fowler–Nordheim tunneling-based timer array, for generating a precision, relative time reference; and 2) a linear piezoelectricity-driven hot-electron injector acting as a floating-gate memory to record the onset of mechanical events. This paper presents measured results from a $4 \times 4$ fully programmable timer array system-on-chip (SoC) and a linear injector array SoC, both of which have been prototyped in a standard double-poly CMOS process. The synchronization error of the timer array with respect to an external software clock was measured to be less than 1% over a duration of 100 h, and the average accuracy in sensing the time-of-occurrence of the event was measured to be 6.9%. The minimum activation energy of the self-powered system was measured to be 840 nJ (measured for event durations of 1 s), which is significantly lower than the energy that can be harvested from typical mechanical impacts.