Extracellular vesicles and their roles in stem cell biology.
Extracellular vesicles and their roles in stem cell biology.
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DOI：
10.1002/stem.3140
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发表时间：
2020-04
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Antonyak MA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Hur YH;Cerione RA;Antonyak MA
干细胞使用各种机制来帮助维持其多能性，促进自我更新，以及在适当的时候分化为特化细胞。其中一种引起干细胞、发育和再生医学研究界极大关注的机制涉及一种细胞间通信形式，特别是细胞形成和释放非传统膜封闭结构的能力，称为细胞外小泡(EVS)。EV主要有两类，一类是通过质膜向外萌发和分裂产生的微囊泡(MVS)，另一类是内切溶酶体途径中形成的多囊泡体(MVB)，它与细胞表面融合并释放其内容物。虽然它们的形成方式不同，但MVS和Exosome都被证明含有一系列不同的生物活性物质，如蛋白质、RNA转录本、microRNAs，甚至DNA，这些物质可以转移到其他细胞并促进表型变化。在这里，我们将描述目前已知的EVS及其在干细胞生物学和早期发育的不同方面所扮演的角色。我们还将重点介绍干细胞产生的电动汽车是如何被积极应用于临床的，包括它们作为治疗输送系统的潜在用途以及它们的再生能力。干细胞产生不同类别的含有生物活性物质的细胞外小泡。这些小泡被转移到其他细胞，并促进表型变化。干细胞胞外囊泡已被证明在发育和细胞重编程中发挥重要作用。它们还被用于临床应用，包括它们作为药物输送系统的潜在用途以及它们的再生能力。
Stem cells use a variety of mechanisms to help maintain their pluripotency, promote self-renewal, as well as at the appropriate time, to differentiate into specialized cells. One such mechanism that is attracting significant attention from the stem cell, development, and regenerative medicine research communities involves a form of intercellular communication, specifically, the ability of cells to form and release non-traditional membrane-enclosed structures, referred to as extracellular vesicles (EVs). There are two major classes of EVs, microvesicles (MVs), which are generated through the outward budding and fission of the plasma membrane, and exosomes which are formed as multivesicular bodies (MVBs) in the endo-lysosomal pathway that fuse with the cell surface to release their contents. While they differ in how they are formed, both MVs and exosomes have been shown to contain a diverse array of bioactive cargo, such as proteins, RNA transcripts, microRNAs, and even DNA, which can be transferred to other cells and promote phenotypic changes. Here, we will describe what is currently known regarding EVs and the roles they play in stem cell biology and different aspects of early development. We will also highlight how the EVs produced by stem cells are being aggressively pursued for clinical applications, including their potential use as therapeutic delivery systems and for their regenerative capabilities. Stem cells generate different classes of extracellular vesicles containing bio-active cargo. These vesicles are transferred to other cells and promote phenotypic changes. Stem cell extracellular vesicles have been shown to play important roles in development and cellular reprogramming. They are also being pursued for clinical applications, including their potential use as a drug delivery system and for their regenerative capabilities.
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