Tracking the Big NAT across Europe and the U.S
Tracking the Big NAT across Europe and the U.S
复制标题
追踪欧洲和美国的 Big NAT
DOI：
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发表时间：
2017
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
K. Claffy
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
A. Mandalari;Andra Lutu;A. Dhamdhere;M. Bagnulo;K. Claffy
运营商级NAT（CGN）机制使ISP能够在多个客户之间共享单个IPv4地址，从而为IPv4地址稀缺问题提供了即时解决方案。在本文中，我们进行了大规模的主动测量活动，以检测CGN在固定宽带网络中使用NAT Revelio，我们已经开发和验证的工具。Revelio使我们能够从住宅网络中主动确定上游网络地址转换的类型，即家庭网关的NAT（客户级NAT）或ISP的NAT（运营商级NAT）。我们通过在SamKnows运营的FCC测量宽带美国测试平台和RIPE Atlas测试平台中部署Revelio来演示该方法的一般性。我们增强了Revelio，以便从任何家庭网络中主动发现上游NAT配置的类型（即，简单归属NAT或运营商级NAT）。我们从欧洲和美国运营的60多家不同ISP的5，121个测量Vantage位置对CGN使用情况进行了大规模的测量研究。我们发现，我们测试的10%的ISP都有某种形式的CGN部署。我们在IP级别使用四个ISP验证了我们的结果，并报告了我们收集的真实情况，我们得出结论，Revelio在确定所有相应线路的上游NAT配置时100%准确。据我们所知，这是迄今为止在固定宽带网络IP层面对CGN部署（已确认）的最大主动测量研究。
Carrier Grade NAT (CGN) mechanisms enable ISPs to share a single IPv4 address across multiple customers, thus offering an immediate solution to the IPv4 address scarcity problem. In this paper, we perform a large scale active measurement campaign to detect CGNs in fixed broadband networks using NAT Revelio, a tool we have developed and validated. Revelio enables us to actively determine from within residential networks the type of upstream network address translation, namely NAT at the home gateway (customer-grade NAT) or NAT in the ISP (Carrier Grade NAT). We demonstrate the generality of the methodology by deploying Revelio in the FCC Measuring Broadband America testbed operated by SamKnows and also in the RIPE Atlas testbed. We enhance Revelio to actively discover from within any home network the type of upstream NAT configuration (i.e., simple home NAT or Carrier Grade NAT). We ran an active large-scale measurement study of CGN usage from 5,121 measurement vantage points within over 60 different ISPs operating in Europe and the United States. We found that 10% of the ISPs we tested have some form of CGN deployment. We validate our results with four ISPs at the IP level and, reported to the ground truth we collected, we conclude that Revelio was 100% accurate in determining the upstream NAT configuration for all the corresponding lines. To the best of our knowledge, this represents the largest active measurement study of (confirmed) CGN deployments at the IP level in fixed broadband networks to date.