Secondary transfer of adult mantled howlers (Alouatta palliata) on Hacienda La Pacifica, Costa Rica: 1975-2009
Secondary transfer of adult mantled howlers (Alouatta palliata) on Hacienda La Pacifica, Costa Rica: 1975-2009
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DOI：
10.1007/s10329-010-0195-5
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发表时间：
2010-07-01
期刊：
影响因子：
1.7
通讯作者：
Glander, Kenneth E.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Clarke, Margaret R.;Glander, Kenneth E.
在哥斯达黎加的Hacienda La Pacifica的自由放养种群中，雄性和雌性披膜吼猴（Alouatta palliata）的纳塔尔迁移以及随后迁移到繁殖群体中的情况得到了很好的记录，但二次迁移被认为是罕见的（Glander in Int J Primatol 3：415-436，1992）。1998年和2006年的人口调查使我们质疑我们的假设，并从事后的角度重新评估我们的长期数据集。我们首先确定了种群中任何地方的一个以上非出生组中观察到或捕获的所有成年动物。然后，我们系统地分析了从1975年到2005年不同时间跟踪的七组成年人加入或离开的模式，这些模式表明二次转移。14名成年人（9名女性，5名男性）被发现在两个不同的非出生组的成年人。此外，一只雄性和一只雌性在其纳塔尔的群体中占主导地位并繁殖，后来转移到第二个群体，一只雌性被认为是第三次转移。来自七个被跟踪的社会群体的数据表明，35%的男性和29%的女性是潜在的二次转移。在这些群体中，男性离开或加入与群体规模或女性绝对数量无关。女性离开或加入与组的大小或绝对数量的男性，但女性离开组的女性和加入组的女性较少。两性都离开了性别比例对他们性别不利的群体，加入了性别比例对他们性别有利的群体。由于良好的性别比例与其他吼猴种群的繁殖成功有关，这表明二次转移是一种繁殖策略。其他因素也可能影响二次转移。
Natal emigration by male and female mantled howlers (Alouatta palliata), and subsequent immigration into breeding groups, is well documented for the free-ranging population on Hacienda La Pacifica, Costa Rica, but secondary transfer was considered rare (Glander in Int J Primatol 3: 415-436, 1992). Population surveys in 1998 and 2006 caused us to question our assumptions and to re-evaluate our long-term data set from a post hoc perspective. We first identified all animals observed or captured as adults in more than one non-natal group anywhere in the population. We then systematically analyzed joining or leaving by adults in seven groups tracked for various times from 1975 to 2005 for patterns suggesting secondary transfer. Fourteen adults (nine females, five males) were found in two different non-natal groups as adults. In addition, one male and one female that became dominant and reproduced in their natal group later transferred to a second group, and one female was known to be a tertiary transfer. Data from the seven tracked social groups indicate that 35% of all the males and 29% of all the females were potential secondary transfers. In these groups, males leaving or joining was not associated with group size or absolute number of females. Females leaving or joining was not associated with group size or absolute number of males, but females left groups with more females and joined groups with fewer females. Both sexes left groups with unfavorable sex ratios for their sex and joined groups with sex ratios more favorable for their sex. Since a favorable sex ratio is associated with reproductive success in other howler populations, this suggests secondary transfer as a reproductive strategy. Other factors could also influence secondary transfer.