Rational synthesis of meso-substituted porphyrins bearing one nitrogen heterocyclic group.

Rational synthesis of meso-substituted porphyrins bearing one nitrogen heterocyclic group.
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DOI:
10.1002/chin.200029102
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发表时间:
2000-03
期刊:
The Journal of organic chemistry
影响因子:
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通讯作者:
Dorota Gryko;J. Lindsey
Dorota Gryko;J. Lindsey
中科院分区:
其他
文献类型:
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作者:
Dorota Gryko;J. Lindsey

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以规定的模式用不同的取代基定制卟啉大环的周长对于仿生和材料化学的研究至关重要。1,2 小氮杂环是特别令人感兴趣的取代基,3 为金属配位、氢键、烷基化(水溶性)和调节卟啉的电子性质提供了位点。事实上,吡啶取代基已经产生了广泛的金属配位多卟啉结构,4咪唑基团已经产生了堆叠的多卟啉组装体,5和喹啉,6嘧啶/嘌呤,7,8或吡唑9单元已经使卟啉与互补分子的分子识别和自组装研究成为可能。在这些不同的结构中,重复出现的模式需要在卟啉的四个内消旋位置处掺入一个杂环基团和三个非杂环基团。尽管带有单个氮杂环基团的卟啉具有广泛的吸引力,10但此类卟啉的合成仍面临着棘手的挑战。普遍的合成方法包括通过 Adler 方法在回流丙酸中使混合醛与吡咯缩合。11 这种统计方法提供了多达六种卟啉的混合物,通常通过费力的色谱法从中分离出所需的卟啉。对于许多非杂环醛,两步一瓶合成(在室温下,在 CH2Cl2 中与 TFA 或 BF3-醚化物,然后用 DDQ 氧化)的温和条件很有吸引力,通常可以提供更高的产率和更容易处理的非卟啉副产物。 1 然而,小杂环醛通常在此方法中失败,这归因于杂环醛(或其与吡咯的中间反应产物)在酸化中的溶解度差。 CH2Cl2 或 CHCl3。事实上,室温吡咯醛缩合已经成功地与更可溶的杂环醛进行缩合,例如在两个氮原子附近带有大基团的嘧啶甲醛,12在一个氮原子上带有保护基团(苄基,SEM)的吡唑甲醛,13或连接有杂环的苯甲醛。1已经开发出一种补充方法,用于将杂环基团连接到二卤代卟啉上,从而避免了杂环基团与二卤代卟啉的连接。酸催化与杂环醛的缩合。14 尽管如此,仍然需要一种直接的非统计方法来避免执行额外的合成步骤和多种卟啉产品的广泛色谱分离。我们现在报道了一种制备带有一个氮杂环的卟啉的方法。我们的方法建立在我们最近成功开发两个反应的基础上:(1)二吡咯甲烷的单瓶合成和(2)二吡咯甲烷和二吡咯甲烷-二甲醇的缩合。对于这两个反应,我们已经确定了适合杂环底物的条件(溶剂、催化剂、温度)。二吡咯甲烷可通过醛与过量吡咯(在没有任何溶剂的情况下)在 TFA 或 BF3-醚合物存在下的一瓶室温缩合获得。该反应已用于制备带有多种取代基的二吡咯甲烷。1 二吡咯甲烷形成反应也可以在不添加酸的情况下在升高的温度下进行,尽管产率低于在室温下使用酸的情况。16 在室温下使用酸对一组杂环醛(2-、3-或 4-吡啶甲醛、喹啉-3-甲醛、喹啉-3-甲醛、咪唑-2-甲醛、尿嘧啶-5-甲醛)与吡咯,没有获得二吡咯甲烷。 17虽然“高温无酸”条件对芳基醛或脂肪醛没有效用,但我们认为在这种情况下放弃任何酸的能力值得进行检查,因为事实证明为杂环醛确定合适的酸性介质非常困难。在执行吡咯醛 (1) Lindsey, J. S. In The Porphyrin Handbook;卡迪什,K.M.;史密斯,K.M.;吉拉德,R.,编辑;学术出版社:加利福尼亚州圣地亚哥,2000 年;卷。 1,第 45-118 页。 (2) Lindsey, J. S.,《金属卟啉催化氧化》;蒙塔纳里,F.;卡塞拉,L.,编辑; Kluwer 学术出版社:荷兰,1994 年;第 49-86 页。 (3) Chambron,J.-C.;海茨,V.;索瓦奇,J.-P。在卟啉手册中;卡迪什,K.M.,史密斯,K.M.,吉拉德,R.,编;学术出版社:加利福尼亚州圣地亚哥,2000 年;卷。 6,第 1-42 页。 (4) (a) 丁 L.;卡萨斯,C.; Etemad-Moghadam,G.;莫尼耶,B.;克罗斯,S.新化学杂志。 1990, 14, 421-431。 (b) 萨里,文学硕士;巴蒂尼,J.P.;杜普雷,D.;曼苏伊,D.; Le Pecq, J. B. 生物化学 1990, 29, 42054215。 (c) Fleischer, E. B.; Shachter,A.J.杂环。化学。 1991, 28, 1693-1699。 (d) 弗莱舍,E.B.;沙赫特,A. M. Inorg。化学。 1991, 30, 3763-3769。 (e) Drain,C.M.;莱恩,J.-M。 J.化学。化学学会。交流。 1994 年,2313-2315。 (f) 米尔格罗姆,L.;希尔,J.P.; Dempsey, P. J. F. 四面体 1994, 50, 13477-13484。 (g) 袁 H.;托马斯,L.;吴,L.K.Inorg。化学。 1996, 35, 2808-2817。 (h) 竹内 M.;今田,T.;池田,M.; Shinkai,S.四面体莱特。 1998, 39, 7897-7900。 (i) Gerasimchuk,N.N.;莫基尔,A.A.;罗杰斯,K.R.Inorg。化学。 1998, 37, 5641-5650。 (j) Funatsu, K.;今村,T.;市村,A.;佐佐木,Y.Inorg。化学。 1998, 37, 4986-4995。 (k) 阿莱西奥,E.;杰米亚,S.;梅斯特罗尼,S.;伊恩戈,E.;斯尔诺瓦,I.;斯洛夫,M. Inorg。化学。 1999, 38, 869-875。 (5) (a) Milgrom,L.R.;登普西,P.J.F.; Yahioglu, G. 四面体 1996, 52, 9877-9890。 (b) Kobuke, Y.;宫地,H.布尔。化学。苏克。日本。 1996, 69, 3563-3569。 (6) (a) 水谷 T.;仓桥,T.;村上,T.;松美,N.;大越,H.J.Am。化学。苏克。 1997, 119, 8991-9001。 (b) 麦凯里,J.;罗伯茨,J.E.多面体 1990, 9, 2527-2531。 (7) 塞斯勒,J.L.;王,B.;哈里曼,A.J.Am。化学。苏克。 1995, 117, 704-714。 (8)Drain,C.M.;费舍尔,R.;诺伦,E.G.;莱恩,J.-M。 J.化学。化学学会。交流。 1993 年,243-245。 (9) 池田,C.;长原,N.;茂木,E.;吉冈,N.;井上,H.化学。交流。 1999 年,1759-1760 年。 (10) Web of Science 对pyrid* 和porph* 的搜索引出了 500 多篇论文。 (11) (a) 利特尔,R.G.;安东,J.A.;洛奇,P.A.; Ibers,J.A.J.杂环。化学。 1975 年,12,343-349。 (b) Little,R.G.J.杂环。化学。 1981, 18, 129-133。 (12)莫特曼斯,F.;库勒曼斯,E.;斯梅茨,S.; Dehaen,W. 四面体莱特。 1999, 40, 7545-7548。 (13)沃纳,A.;桑切斯-米加隆,A.;弗鲁齐尔,A.;埃尔格罗,J.;费尔南德斯-卡斯塔诺,C.; Foces-Foces, C. Tetrahedron 1995, 51, 47794800。 (14) DiMagno, S. G.;林,V.S.-Y.; Therien,M.J.J.Org。化学。 1993, 58, 5983-5993。 (15)李,C.H.; Lindsey, J.S. 四面体 1994, 50, 11427-11440。 (16)利特勒,B.J.;米勒,文学硕士;洪,C.-H.;瓦格纳,R.W.;奥谢,D.F.;博伊尔,P.D.;林赛,J.S.J.Org。化学。 1999, 64, 1391-1396。第2249章化学。 2000, 65, 2249-2252
Tailoring the perimeter of the porphyrin macrocycle with diverse substituents in defined patterns is essential for studies in biomimetic and materials chemistry.1,2 Small nitrogen heterocycles are substituents of particular interest,3 providing sites for metal coordination, hydrogenbonding, alkylation (water solubilization), and modulation of the electronic properties of the porphyrin. Indeed, pyridine substituents have yielded a broad array of metal-coordinated multiporphyrin architectures,4 imidazole groups have yielded stacked multiporphyrin assemblies,5 and quinoline,6 pyrimidine/purine,7,8 or pyrazole9 units have enabled molecular recognition and selfassembly studies of porphyrins with complementary molecules. In these diverse architectures, a recurring pattern entails the incorporation of one heterocyclic group and three nonheterocyclic groups at the four meso positions of a porphyrin. Despite the widespread attraction of porphyrins bearing a single nitrogen heterocyclic group,10 the synthesis of such porphyrins has presented vexing challenges. The prevalent method of synthesis involves a mixed aldehyde condensation with pyrrole via the Adler method in refluxing propionic acid.11 This statistical approach affords a mixture of up to six porphyrins, from which the desired porphyrin is typically separated by laborious chromatography. For many nonheterocyclic aldehydes the milder conditions of the two-step one-flask synthesis (at room temperature in CH2Cl2 with TFA or BF3-etherate followed by oxidation with DDQ) are attractive, generally affording higher yields and more tractable non-porphyrin byproducts.1 However, small heterocyclic aldehydes generally fail in this method, which has been attributed to the poor solubility of the heterocyclic aldehyde (or its intermediate reaction products with pyrrole) in acidified CH2Cl2 or CHCl3. Indeed, the room-temperature pyrrolealdehyde condensation has succeeded with more soluble heterocyclic aldehydes, such as pyrimidinecarboxaldehydes bearing bulky groups adjacent to both nitrogens,12 pyrazolecarboxaldehydes bearing protecting groups (benzyl, SEM) on one of the nitrogens,13 or benzaldehydes to which heterocycles are attached.1 A complementary approach has been developed for the Pd-mediated attachment of heterocyclic groups to a dihalogenated porphyrin, thereby avoiding the acid-catalyzed condensations with heterocyclic aldehydes.14 Still, a direct and nonstatistical method is required to avoid performing additional synthetic steps and extensive chromatographic separation of multiple porphyrin products. We now report such a method for the preparation of porphyrins bearing one nitrogen heterocycle. Our approach builds on our recent success in developing two reactions: (1) a one-flask synthesis of dipyrromethanes and (2) the condensation of the dipyrromethane and a dipyrromethane-dicarbinol. For both reactions we have identified conditions (solvent, catalyst, temperature) that are suitable for the heterocyclic substrates. Dipyrromethanes are available via the one-flask roomtemperature condensation of an aldehyde with excess pyrrole (in the absence of any solvent) in the presence of TFA or BF3-etherate. This reaction has been used to prepare dipyrromethanes bearing a wide variety of substituents.1 The dipyrromethane-forming reaction also can be performed at elevated temperature in the absence of added acid, albeit in lower yield than with acid at room temperature.16 Upon application of the standard procedure at room temperature with acid to a set of heterocyclic aldehydes (2-, 3-, or 4-pyridinecarboxaldehyde, quinoline-3-carboxaldehyde, imidazole-2-carboxaldeyde, uracil-5-carboxaldehyde) with pyrrole, no dipyrromethane was obtained.17 While the “high-temperature no-acid” conditions have had no utility with aryl or aliphatic aldehydes, we felt the ability to forego any acid warranted examination in this case, given that identifying a suitable acidic medium for heterocyclic aldehydes has proved so problematic. Upon performing the pyrrole-aldehyde (1) Lindsey, J. S. In The Porphyrin Handbook; Kadish, K. M.; Smith, K. M.; Guilard, R., Eds.; Academic Press: San Diego, CA, 2000; Vol. 1, pp 45-118. (2) Lindsey, J. S. In Metalloporphyrin-Catalyzed Oxidations; Montanari, F.; Casella, L., Eds.; Kluwer Academic Publishers: The Netherlands, 1994; pp 49-86. (3) Chambron, J.-C.; Heitz, V.; Sauvage, J.-P. In The Porphyrin Handbook; Kadish, K. M., Smith, K. M., Guilard, R., Eds.; Academic Press: San Diego, CA, 2000; Vol. 6, pp 1-42. (4) (a) Ding, L.; Casas, C.; Etemad-Moghadam, G.; Meunier, B.; Cros, S. New J. Chem. 1990, 14, 421-431. (b) Sari, M. A.; Battioni, J. P.; Dupre, D.; Mansuy, D.; Le Pecq, J. B. Biochemistry 1990, 29, 42054215. (c) Fleischer, E. B.; Shachter, A. J. Heterocycl. Chem. 1991, 28, 1693-1699. (d) Fleischer, E. B.; Shachter, A. M. Inorg. Chem. 1991, 30, 3763-3769. (e) Drain, C. M.; Lehn, J.-M. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1994, 2313-2315. (f) Milgrom, L.; Hill, J. P.; Dempsey, P. J. F. Tetrahedron 1994, 50, 13477-13484. (g) Yuan, H.; Thomas, L.; Woo, L. K. Inorg. Chem. 1996, 35, 2808-2817. (h) Takeuchi, M.; Imada, T.; Ikeda, M.; Shinkai, S. Tetrahedron Lett. 1998, 39, 7897-7900. (i) Gerasimchuk, N. N.; Mokhir, A. A.; Rodgers, K. R. Inorg. Chem. 1998, 37, 5641-5650. (j) Funatsu, K.; Imamura, T.; Ichimura, A.; Sasaki, Y. Inorg. Chem. 1998, 37, 4986-4995. (k) Alessio, E.; Geremia, S.; Mestroni, S.; Iengo, E.; Srnova, I.; Slouf, M. Inorg. Chem. 1999, 38, 869-875. (5) (a) Milgrom, L. R.; Dempsey, P. J. F.; Yahioglu, G. Tetrahedron 1996, 52, 9877-9890. (b) Kobuke, Y.; Miyaji, H. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1996, 69, 3563-3569. (6) (a) Mizutani, T.; Kurahashi, T.; Murakami, T.; Matsumi, N.; Ogoshi, H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 8991-9001. (b) McCurry, J.; Roberts, J. E. Polyhedron 1990, 9, 2527-2531. (7) Sessler, J. L.; Wang, B.; Harriman, A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 704-714. (8) Drain, C. M.; Fischer, R.; Nolen, E. G.; Lehn, J.-M. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1993, 243-245. (9) Ikeda, C.; Nagahara, N.; Motegi, E.; Yoshioka, N.; Inoue, H. Chem. Commun. 1999, 1759-1760. (10) A Web of Science search of pyrid* and porph* elicited over 500 papers. (11) (a) Little, R. G.; Anton, J. A.; Loach, P. A.; Ibers, J. A. J. Heterocycl. Chem. 1975, 12, 343-349. (b) Little, R. G. J. Heterocycl. Chem. 1981, 18, 129-133. (12) Motmans, F.; Ceulemans, E.; Smeets, S.; Dehaen, W. Tetrahedron Lett. 1999, 40, 7545-7548. (13) Werner, A.; Sanchez-Migallon, A.; Fruchier, A.; Elguero, J.; Fernandez-Castano, C.; Foces-Foces, C. Tetrahedron 1995, 51, 47794800. (14) DiMagno, S. G.; Lin, V. S.-Y.; Therien, M. J. J. Org. Chem. 1993, 58, 5983-5993. (15) Lee, C. H.; Lindsey, J. S. Tetrahedron 1994, 50, 11427-11440. (16) Littler, B. J.; Miller, M. A.; Hung, C.-H.; Wagner, R. W.; O’Shea, D. F.; Boyle, P. D.; Lindsey, J. S. J. Org. Chem. 1999, 64, 1391-1396. 2249 J. Org. Chem. 2000, 65, 2249-2252