“Literal” Uses of Proper Names
“Literal” Uses of Proper Names
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专有名称的“字面”使用
DOI：
10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198714088.003.0013
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发表时间：
2015
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
D. Fara
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文献类型：
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作者：
D. Fara
在每种情况下，我们都会在为“猎人”和“熊”等可数名词保留的位置上出现一个专有名称。这里的专有名称作为定量或数字限定词的补充或作为纯粹的复数出现。让我们称这些谓词位置。当一个名称处于这样的位置时，我们将其称为谓语名称；当一个名称用于这样的位置时，我们会说它是被谓语使用的。我们将在类似的限定词名称短语中使用这些相同的表达式来表示名称，无论是否带有修饰语（“疲倦的阿尔弗雷德”、“我认识的阿尔弗雷德”、“大多数阿尔弗雷德”、“哪个阿尔弗雷德”、“那个性感的阿尔弗雷德”等等）。从组合语义学的角度来看，我们希望将这里的专有名称——谓语位置的专有名称——视为与其他可数名词具有相同类型的语义值，即谓语的语义值。为了具体和简单起见，我将假设这是谓词的扩展，我指的是谓词为真的个体的集合。同时，从意义分析的角度来看，我们希望将这里的专有名称视为多重适用的谓词，这些谓词仅适用于该名称的承载者。对于（1）的真实性，必须是一些名为“阿尔弗雷德”的人是疯狂的，而一些名为“阿尔弗雷德”的人是理智的。为了使专有名称具有统一的组合语义，谓语主义者将专有名称视为谓词，即使它们出现在论证位置中，例如“阿尔弗雷德疯了”。我们将这些称为“参考”专有名称（或专有名称）
In each case, we have a proper name occurring in a position reserved for count nouns like ‘hunter’ and ‘bear’. The proper names here occur as complements to quantificational or numeric determiners or as bare plurals. Let us call these predicate positions. We will call a name when it is in such a position a predicative name and when one is used in such a position, we will say that it is being used predicatively. And we will use these same expressions for names in similar determiner-name phrases, whether with or without a modifier (‘a weary Alfred’, ‘the Alfred I know’, ‘most Alfreds’, ‘which Alfred’, ‘that sultry Alfred’, et cetera). From the perspective of compositional semantics, we want to treat the proper names here—proper names in predicate position—as having the same type of semantic value as that of other count nouns, namely, the semantic value of a predicate. I will assume for concreteness and simplicity that this is the predicate’s extension, by which I mean the set of individuals of which the predicate is true. Meanwhile, from the perspective of meaning analysis, we want to treat the proper names here as multiply applicable predicates that are true of just those things that are bearers of the name. For the truth of (1) it has to be that some individuals with the name ‘Alfred’ are crazy and that some individuals with the name ‘Alfred’ are sane. For the sake of having a uniform compositional semantics for proper names, predicativists treat proper names as predicates even when they appear in an argument position—as in ‘Alfred is crazy’. We’ll call these “referential” proper names (or proper