Aquatic adaptations in the nose of carnivorans: evidence from the turbinates
Aquatic adaptations in the nose of carnivorans: evidence from the turbinates
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食肉动物鼻子的水生适应：来自鼻甲的证据
DOI：
10.1111/j.1469-7580.2010.01329.x
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发表时间：
2011
影响因子：
2.4
通讯作者：
G. Slater
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
B. Van Valkenburgh;A. Curtis;J. Samuels;Deborah J. Bird;B. Fulkerson;J. Meachen;G. Slater
在哺乳动物的鼻子内，有一个迷宫般的骨板，上面覆盖着统称为鼻甲的上皮。呼吸性鼻甲位于前部，有助于保持热量和水分，而更多的后部嗅觉则起到嗅觉的作用。此前对一些食肉动物的观察显示，与陆生物种相比，水生物种的呼吸鼻甲相对较大、复杂，嗅鼻甲的数量大大减少。人体的热量在水中比在空气中损失得更快，呼吸表面积的增加可能是为了将热量损失降至最低。与此同时，由于在水下觅食时对嗅觉的依赖减少，嗅觉表面积可能会减少。为了探索这种适应的广泛性，我们记录了各种陆生、淡水和海洋食肉动物的呼吸和嗅觉鼻甲表面积随身体大小的变化，包括鳍足类、芥虫类、熊类和原附着体。表面积是通过对干燥头骨的高分辨率CT扫描来估计的，这是一种新的方法，能够对分类群进行更多的采样，而不是对新鲜的头骨进行采样。总的鼻甲、呼吸和嗅觉表面积与体型有很好的相关性(R2 ≥ 0.7)，在较大的物种中相对较小。相对于身体质量或头骨长度，水生物种的嗅觉表面积明显小于陆生物种。此外，嗅觉与呼吸表面积的比率与栖息地有关。利用系统发育比较方法，我们发现在水生类群中1 ： 3比例的趋同得到了强有力的支持，而在陆生类群中则接近相反的比例，这表明水生芥虫和鳍足动物独立地获得了相似比例的嗅觉和呼吸鼻甲。对鼻腔中鼻甲表面积的限制可能会导致水生哺乳动物的呼吸和嗅觉功能之间的权衡。
Inside the mammalian nose lies a labyrinth of bony plates covered in epithelium collectively known as turbinates. Respiratory turbinates lie anteriorly and aid in heat and water conservation, while more posterior olfactory turbinates function in olfaction. Previous observations on a few carnivorans revealed that aquatic species have relatively large, complex respiratory turbinates and greatly reduced olfactory turbinates compared with terrestrial species. Body heat is lost more quickly in water than air and increased respiratory surface area likely evolved to minimize heat loss. At the same time, olfactory surface area probably diminished due to a decreased reliance on olfaction when foraging under water. To explore how widespread these adaptations are, we documented scaling of respiratory and olfactory turbinate surface area with body size in a variety of terrestrial, freshwater, and marine carnivorans, including pinnipeds, mustelids, ursids, and procyonids. Surface areas were estimated from high‐resolution CT scans of dry skulls, a novel approach that enabled a greater sampling of taxa than is practical with fresh heads. Total turbinate, respiratory, and olfactory surface areas correlate well with body size (r2 ≥ 0.7), and are relatively smaller in larger species. Relative to body mass or skull length, aquatic species have significantly less olfactory surface area than terrestrial species. Furthermore, the ratio of olfactory to respiratory surface area is associated with habitat. Using phylogenetic comparative methods, we found strong support for convergence on 1 : 3 proportions in aquatic taxa and near the inverse in terrestrial taxa, indicating that aquatic mustelids and pinnipeds independently acquired similar proportions of olfactory to respiratory turbinates. Constraints on turbinate surface area in the nasal chamber may result in a trade‐off between respiratory and olfactory function in aquatic mammals.
鼻逆流热交换对北象海豹 Mirounga angustirostris 水平衡的贡献。
DOI：
10.1242/jeb.113.1.447
发表时间：
1984
期刊：
The Journal of experimental biology
影响因子：
--
作者：
Huntley,AC;Costa,DP;Rubin,RD
通讯作者：
Rubin,RD