Effects of food stress and density in different life stages on reproduction in a butterfly
Effects of food stress and density in different life stages on reproduction in a butterfly
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DOI：
10.1111/j.0030-1299.2005.13888.x
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发表时间：
2005-12-01
期刊：
影响因子：
3.4
通讯作者：
Fischer, K
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bauerfeind, SS;Fischer, K
充足的营养和（饲养）密度是影响动物生长、发育和繁殖的最重要因素。在全变态昆虫的饮食和能量需求的变化之间的生命阶段，与存储的幼虫资源，成人喂养和繁殖相关联的策略。然而，研究调查营养（和密度）的影响，在变质边界在很大程度上缺乏。我们的目标是解开的功能基础的繁殖模式，通过独立操纵幼虫和成人（1）密度和（2）获得食物，分别在热带蝴蝶，Bicyclus anynana。(1)高幼虫饲养密度，相反的常识，对身体大小的影响很小，但通过增加生长速度减少幼虫发育时间。后者被认为是对高密度的适应，由幼虫食物资源在达到变态之前耗尽的风险驱动。幼虫密度和产卵期间的男性公司（即成人密度）对女性生殖没有检测到的影响。(2)幼虫食物胁迫延长了幼虫的发育时间，降低了幼虫的生长速度、个体大小、繁殖力和生殖投资。对雌性生殖的不利影响是通过减小体型来调节的。额外的负面影响，成年人的食物压力对繁殖力主要局限于女性被喂养的幼虫随意，而那些以前挨饿表现出降低的性能，无论成年人的收入。对鸡蛋大小的影响是不一致的，总的来说，边际。我们的研究结果表明，在不同的发展阶段，有限的食物获取可能会设置不同的限制繁殖，无论是由缺乏幼虫衍生的存储储备（即含氮化合物）或成人收入（即碳水化合物）。因此，在说明一种或另一种类型的营养素最终限制生殖时应该谨慎。相反，我们的研究结果强调了资源一致性的重要性，并考虑到两个，幼虫和成人衍生的资源繁殖。
Availability of adequate nutrition and (rearing) density are among the most important factors affecting growth, development and reproduction in animals. In holometabolous insects diets and energetic needs change between life stages, with storing of larval resources, adult feeding and reproduction being linked strategies. Nevertheless, studies investigating nutritional (and density) effects across metamorphic boundaries are largely lacking. We aim at disentangling the functional basis of reproductive patterns by independently manipulating larval and adult (1) density and (2) access to food, respectively, in the tropical butterfly, Bicyclus anynana. (1) A high larval rearing density had, contrary to common wisdom, very little impact on body size, but reduced larval development time through increased growth rates. The latter is thought to be an adaptation to high densities, driven by the risk of larval food resources becoming exhausted before reaching metamorphosis. Larval density and male company during oviposition (i.e. adult density) had no detectable effects on female reproduction. (2) Larval food stress prolonged larval development time and reduced larval growth rate, body size, fecundity and reproductive investment. Detrimental effects on female reproduction were mediated through a reduction in body size. Additional negative effects of adult food stress on fecundity were largely confined to females being fed as larvae ad libitum, while those being previously starved showed reduced performance regardless of adult income. Effects on egg size were inconsistent and, overall, marginal. Our results show that restricted food access in different developmental stages may set different limits to reproduction, either posed by shortage of larval-derived storage reserves (i.e. nitrogenous compounds) or adult income (i.e. carbohydrates). Thus, one should be cautious when stating that one or the other type of nutrients is ultimately limiting to reproduction. Rather, our findings highlight the importance of resource congruence and of considering both, larval- and adult-derived resources for reproduction.