Deep phylogeny, ancestral groups and the four ages of life.

Deep phylogeny, ancestral groups and the four ages of life.
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DOI:
10.1098/rstb.2009.0161
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发表时间:
2010-01-12
期刊:
Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
Cavalier-Smith T
Cavalier-Smith T
中科院分区:
其他
文献类型:
--
作者:
Cavalier-Smith T

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生物的系统发育取决于细胞分裂、停滞、突变分化、细胞合并(有性或共生)、横向基因转移和死亡。生命之树是有机体系谱历史的一个有用的比喻,前提是我们认识到树枝有时会融合。亨尼派分支学只强调谱系分裂,忽略了大多数其他主要的系统发育过程。虽然在方法论上有用,但它在概念上令人困惑,并损害了分类学,特别是在错误地反对祖先(副)类群方面。生命的历史涉及细胞结构方面的10项真正重大的创新。在膜拓扑学中,有五种连续的细胞:(I)具有两个边界膜的黑细菌,(Ii)具有一个边界而不具有内膜的单一细菌,(Iii)具有内膜和线粒体的真核生物,(Iv)具有叶绿体的植物,以及(V)在粗面内质网内具有染色质的植物。膜化学将新生细菌分为较高级的含外膜脂多糖的糖类细菌(如蓝藻和变形杆菌)和不含脂多糖的原始内生细菌(值得深入研究)。它还将细菌分为阳性细菌、真核生物的祖先和考古细菌--真核生物的姐妹(而不是祖先)和最年轻的细菌门。厌氧真细菌、产氧蓝细菌、耐脱水阳性细菌,最后是新村(真核生物加古细菌)先后改造了地球。在人体计划的演变中,意外事件和组织约束与适应性一样重要。
Organismal phylogeny depends on cell division, stasis, mutational divergence, cell mergers (by sex or symbiogenesis), lateral gene transfer and death. The tree of life is a useful metaphor for organismal genealogical history provided we recognize that branches sometimes fuse. Hennigian cladistics emphasizes only lineage splitting, ignoring most other major phylogenetic processes. Though methodologically useful it has been conceptually confusing and harmed taxonomy, especially in mistakenly opposing ancestral (paraphyletic) taxa. The history of life involved about 10 really major innovations in cell structure. In membrane topology, there were five successive kinds of cell: (i) negibacteria, with two bounding membranes, (ii) unibacteria, with one bounding and no internal membranes, (iii) eukaryotes with endomembranes and mitochondria, (iv) plants with chloroplasts and (v) finally, chromists with plastids inside the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Membrane chemistry divides negibacteria into the more advanced Glycobacteria (e.g. Cyanobacteria and Proteobacteria) with outer membrane lipolysaccharide and primitive Eobacteria without lipopolysaccharide (deserving intenser study). It also divides unibacteria into posibacteria, ancestors of eukaryotes, and archaebacteria—the sisters (not ancestors) of eukaryotes and the youngest bacterial phylum. Anaerobic eobacteria, oxygenic cyanobacteria, desiccation-resistant posibacteria and finally neomura (eukaryotes plus archaebacteria) successively transformed Earth. Accidents and organizational constraints are as important as adaptiveness in body plan evolution.
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