Event-related potential indices of semantic priming using masked and unmasked words: evidence that the N400 does not reflect a post-lexical process
Event-related potential indices of semantic priming using masked and unmasked words: evidence that the N400 does not reflect a post-lexical process
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DOI：
10.1016/s0926-6410(99)00050-6
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发表时间：
2000-03-01
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Nagata, M
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Deacon, D;Hewitt, S;Nagata, M
一些作者认为N400是后词汇事件的反映，如Neely和Keefe [J.H. Neely，D.E. Keefe，语义语境对视觉文字处理的影响：混合前瞻性/回顾性处理理论，在：G. H. Bower（Ed.），《学习与动机心理学：研究与理论进展》，第23卷，学术出版社，纽约，1989年，第100页。207 - 248.]，由此，受试者将当前试验中的单词与前一试验中的单词提供的"上下文"进行比较[M. Besson，M. Kutas，The many facets of repetition：A cueed-recall and event-related potential analysis of repeating words in same versus different sentence context，Journal of Experimental Psychology：Learning，Memory and Cognition，19（5）（1993），1115 - 1133; C.布朗，P. Hagoort，N400的加工性质：来自掩蔽启动的证据。Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience，5（1）（1993），34 - 44; P.J. Holcomb，Semantic priming and stimulus degradation：Implications for the role of the N400 in language processing，Psychophysiology 30（1993），47 - 61; M.D. Rugg，M.C. Doyle，事件相关电位和间接和直接记忆测试中的刺激重复，在：H。海因策，T. G.R.蒙特Mangun（Eds），认知电生理学，Birkhauser Boston，剑桥，MA，1994]。Brown和Hagoort [C.布朗，P. Hagoort，N400的加工性质：来自掩蔽启动的证据。Journal of Cognitive：Neuroscience，5（1）（1993），34 - 44].当掩蔽引发剂时，在N400上未观察到引发效应。当行为数据收集在相同的范例，从另一组受试者，通常启动效应RT。综合考虑，来自两组受试者的数据表明，语义表征的激活在没有意识的情况下发生。由于没有观察到N400的启动效应，这表明N400一定反映了一个后词汇过程。然而，这种解释与其他研究的结果不一致，这些研究报告了在词汇后过程不被认为起作用的条件下的N400启动效应[J.安德森，P.霍尔科姆，听觉和视觉语义启动使用不同的刺激起始时间：一项与事件相关的脑电位研究。Psychophysiology 32（1995），177 - 190; J.Boddy，在具有不同刺激起始时间的启动词识别的计时分析中的事件相关电位，Psychophysiology 23（1986），232 - 245; D. Deacon，T.嗯，W。Ritter，S.休伊特，自动启动效应的寿命可能超过两秒，认知脑研究7（1999），465 - 472; P.J.霍尔科姆，自动和注意过程：语义启动的事件相关脑电位分析。Brain and Language 35（1998）66 - 85].本研究复制布朗和Hagoort使用重复测量设计，一个较短的SOA（刺激起始时间），和一个略有不同的阈值设置程序。无论单词是否被掩蔽或未掩蔽，N400的平均幅度都获得了显着的启动效应。研究结果表明，加工subserving N400不是postlexical，因为N400被操纵没有被试意识到的身份的话。(C)2000 Elsevier Science B.V.保留所有权利。
Several authors have contended that the N400 is a reflection of a post-lexical event such as that proposed by Neely and Keefe [J.H. Neely, D.E. Keefe, Semantic context effects on visual word processing: a hybrid prospective/retrospective processing theory, in: G.H. Bower (Ed.), The Psychology of Learning and Motivation: Advances in Research and Theory, Vol. 23, Academic Press, New York, 1989, pp. 207-248.], whereby the subject compares the word on the current trial to the "context" provided by the word on the preceding trial [M. Besson, M. Kutas, The many facets of repetition: A cued-recall and event-related potential analysis of repeating words in same versus different sentence contexts, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 19 (5) (1993), 1115-1133; C. Brown, P. Hagoort, The processing nature of the N400: Evidence from masked priming. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 5(1) (1993), 34-44; P.J. Holcomb, Semantic priming and stimulus degradation: Implications for the role of the N400 in language processing, Psychophysiology 30 (1993), 47-61; M.D. Rugg, M.C. Doyle, Event-related potentials and stimulus repetition in indirect and direct tests of memory, in: H. Heinze, T. Munte, G.R. Mangun (Eds), Cognitive Electrophysiology, Birkhauser Boston, Cambridge, MA, 1994]. A study which used masked primes to directly test this possibility has been reported by Brown and Hagoort [C. Brown, P. Hagoort, The processing nature of the N400: evidence from masked priming. Journal of Cognitive :Neuroscience, 5(1) (1993), 34-44]. When the primes were masked, no priming effect was observed on the N400. When behavioral data were collected in the same paradigm, from another group of subjects, the usual priming effect on RT was obtained. Considered together, the data from the two groups of subjects indicated that activation of semantic representations had occurred without conscious awareness. As no N400 priming effect was observed, it was suggested that N400 must reflect a post-lexical process. This interpretation, however, is at odds with the findings of other studies which have reported N400 priming effects under conditions where post-lexical processes would not be thought to operate[J. Anderson, P. Holcomb, Auditory and visual semantic priming using different stimulus onset asynchronies: an event-related brain potential study. Psychophysiology 32 (1995), 177-190; J. Boddy, Event-related potentials in chronometric analysis of primed word recognition with different stimulus onset asynchronies, Psychophysiology 23 (1986), 232-245; D. Deacon, T. Uhm, W. Ritter, S. Hewitt, The lifetime of automatic priming effects may exceed two seconds, Cognitive Brain Research 7 (1999), 465-472; P.J. Holcomb, Automatic and attentional process: an event-related brain potential analysis of semantic priming. Brain and Language 35 (1998) 66-85]. The present study replicated Brown and Hagoort using a repeated measures design, a shorter SOA (stimulus onset asynchrony), and a slightly different threshold setting procedure. Significant priming effects were obtained on the mean amplitude of the N400 regardless of whether the words were masked or unmasked. The findings imply that the processing subserving the N400 is not postlexical, since the N400 was manipulated without the subjects being aware of the identity of the words. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.