Potential sex differences in the pattern of sensory reinforcers enhanced by nicotine.
Potential sex differences in the pattern of sensory reinforcers enhanced by nicotine.
复制标题
尼古丁增强的感觉强化模式的潜在性别差异。
DOI：
10.1037/pha0000073
复制
发表时间：
2016
影响因子：
2.3
通讯作者：
Karelitz,JoshuaL
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Perkins,KennethA;Karelitz,JoshuaL
沿着其主要和次要强化作用，尼古丁可通过与尼古丁无直接关系的奖励（尤其是由“感官”刺激组成的奖励），急剧增强强化作用。不太确定的是，在自然环境中通常可用的感觉抑制剂类型中，特别是在具有临床相关性的不同吸烟暴露条件下，这些影响的大小。本研究在受试者内设计中比较了通过随意吸烟与无尼古丁（整夜戒烟）对尼古丁引起的立即听觉（音乐）或视觉（视频）感官奖励或无奖励（非特异性对照）的强化反应。依赖性吸烟者（N= 48; 21例男性，27例女性）在整夜戒烟（> 12小时; CO≤ 10 ppm）或未戒烟（即，随意吸烟）后，在2个阶段内对小单位指定奖励的操作性计算机任务做出反应。受试者各自选择首选的音乐和视频奖励，以确保它们具有相同的初始强化效果。在整个样本中，通过音乐和视频奖励而不是没有奖励来加强反应，同样通过即兴吸烟来加强反应。然而，在事后随访中，吸烟引起的对音乐的反应增加在女性中比男性更大，而对视频的反应增加在男性中比女性更大。结果证实了尼古丁通过吸烟对听觉和视觉奖励的强化增强作用的可比性，这与增强的感觉强化可能有助于吸烟行为持续性的观点一致。然而，研究结果也表明，尼古丁增强的感觉兴奋的具体模式可能在男性和女性之间存在差异。
Along with its primary and secondary reinforcing effects, nicotine acutely enhances reinforcement from rewards not directly related to nicotine, particularly those consisting of “sensory” stimuli. Less certain is the magnitude of these effects across types of sensory reinforcers commonly available in the natural environment, especially under different smoking exposure conditions of clinical relevance. This study compared reinforced responding for immediate auditory (music) or visual (video) sensory rewards, or no reward (nonspecific control), due to nicotine via ad lib smoking versus no nicotine (overnight abstinence), in a within-subjects design. Dependent smokers (N= 48; 21 male, 27 female) responded on an operant computer task for small units of the designated rewards during 2 sessions, following overnight abstinence (> 12 hr; CO≤ 10 ppm) or no abstinence (ie, ad lib smoking). Preferred music and video rewards were each selected by participants to ensure their equal initial reinforcing efficacy. Responding reinforced by music and by video rewards, but not by no reward, was similarly enhanced by ad lib smoking in the entire sample. Yet, in post hoc follow-ups, the smoking-induced increase in responding for music was greater in women versus men, while the increase in responding for video was greater in men versus women. Results confirm the comparability of the reinforcement enhancing effects of nicotine via smoking on both auditory and visual rewards, consistent with the notion that enhanced sensory reinforcement may contribute to persistence of smoking behavior. However, findings also suggest the specific pattern of sensory reinforcers enhanced by nicotine may differ between men and women.