Types of Trauma in Adolescence and Their Relation to Dissociation: A Mixed-Methods Study
Types of Trauma in Adolescence and Their Relation to Dissociation: A Mixed-Methods Study
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DOI：
10.1037/tra0000099
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发表时间：
2016-09-01
影响因子：
6.3
通讯作者：
Sondergaard, Hans Peter
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Gusic, Sabina;Cardena, Etzel;Sondergaard, Hans Peter
目的：研究青少年创伤和各种类型的创伤对分离的经验，在239名瑞典青少年，13至20岁，不同的社会经济和移民背景的样本的影响。我们还评估了最严重的终身创伤类型是否与较高的分离率相关。方法：创伤后应激、分离经历和潜在创伤事件（PTE）的定量和定性数据，包括参与者对其一生中最严重创伤的书面描述。结果：大多数（92%）的参与者在其一生中至少暴露于1次PTE，51%暴露于4次或更多。创伤后应激障碍的数量与创伤后应激障碍和分离症状相关。在经济脆弱和第二代战争难民参与者中，分离率较高。当控制性别、年龄、创伤后应激障碍、创伤后应激障碍和贫困时，其他人（主要是同龄人）的情感虐待是解离的唯一显著预测因素。适度分析表明，一生中最严重的创伤分类为主要是情绪调节和放大总PTE和解离之间的关系，但只有在女孩。结论：我们的研究结果表明，创伤在青少年中非常普遍，在弱势群体中分离的发生率更高，情感创伤与分离的发生率更高有关，特别是在女孩中。研究人员，临床医生和学校工作人员需要更多地关注移民身份和低社会经济地位作为脆弱性因素，并解决青少年中情感虐待的后果，包括欺凌。
Objective: To study adolescent traumatization and the impact of various types of trauma on dissociative experiences in a sample of 239 Swedish youngsters, 13 to 20 years of age, with diverse socioeconomic and migration backgrounds. We also evaluated whether the type of worst lifetime trauma was associated with higher rates of dissociation. Method: Quantitative and qualitative data on posttraumatic stress, dissociative experiences, and potentially traumatic events (PTEs), including participants' written descriptions of their worst lifetime trauma. Results: Most (92%) of the participants had been exposed to at least 1 PTE and 51% to 4 or more, during their life. Number of PTEs correlated with symptoms of posttraumatic stress and dissociation. There were higher rates of dissociation among economically vulnerable and second-generation war refugee participants. Emotional abuse by others (mostly peers) was the only significant predictor of dissociation when controlling for gender, age, total PTEs, posttraumatic stress, and poverty. Moderation analyses showed that lifetime worst traumas categorized as primarily emotional moderated and amplified the relation between total PTEs and dissociation, but only among girls. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that traumatization is very common among adolescents, with greater prevalence of dissociation among vulnerable groups, and that emotional traumas are linked to higher rates of dissociation, especially among girls. Researchers, clinicians, and school personnel need to focus more on immigrant status and low SES as vulnerability factors, and address the consequences of emotional abuse, including bullying, among adolescents.