THE TIME-RELATIONS OF MENTAL PHENOMENA.
THE TIME-RELATIONS OF MENTAL PHENOMENA.
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DOI：
10.1126/science.ns-16.394.99
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发表时间：
1890-08-22
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通讯作者：
Jastrow, J
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作者：
Jastrow, J
或者，更简单地说，如果反应是预先知道的，这个过程就是一个简单的反应；如果不是，这是一种适应性反应。此外，在简单反应中，刺激的预知可能是完全确定的，刺激总是相同的，或者可能存在已知的变化范围或未知的变化范围；而在适应性反应中，可能性仅限于后两种。我已经充分考虑过了。在11。(a)我们有许多不同的简单反应；但是，我们并不是把它们分门别类地加以研究，而是在一个系列中加以研究。例如，一种声音、一种光线、一种触碰都可能出现，因为它已经向主体宣告了它是什么；在每种情况下，他都通过按下键来做出反应。印象可能更加同质，如一系列的颜色；但在所有情况下，受试者都不需要理解刺激的性质，只需要知道刺激已经出现。在II。(b)受试者知道可能的刺激，但不知道下一个刺激是什么；否则，条件与上述完全相同。冯特关于两种声音强度之间的不规则变化的实验属于这种情况，并将表明这是一个必不可少的因素。在mi中，必须事先知道反应的几种模式。我们不是在单独的系列中测试不同形式的反应，而是在一个系列中测试几种。例如：我们对一个声音先用拇指，然后用食指做出反应，实验对象总是提前知道他要做什么。在IV.(a)中，我们将不同形式的简单反应结合成一系列，它们在刺激和反应形式上都不同；但是完整的反应（例如，中指反应的红色）是事先宣布的。在IV.(b)中，受试者事先被告知如何反应，但不知道刺激是什么。然而，在这种情况下和前面的情况下，他都不需要等待来识别刺激的性质，而是一旦发现它的存在就立即做出反应。所有这些都是简单反应时间的变化。当我们转到IV.(c)时，我们有一个不同的，即适应性的反应。受试者事先没有被告知任何事情，除了他将根据什么联想作出反应：例如，如果是蓝光，就用右手；如果遇到红灯，用左手；等等......。这里的本质区别在于，受试者必须首先区分刺激的性质的某个特征，在这个例子中是颜色；然后调出适当的动作并执行它。因此，这种反应包括对刺激的明确区分和对运动的选择。
Or, more simply, if the re-action is foreknown, the process is a simple re-action; if not, it is an adaptive re-action. In addition, in the simple re-action the foreknowledge of the stimulus may beentirely definite, the stimulus always being the same, or there may be a known range of variation or an unknown ranae of variation; while in the adaptive re-action the possibilities are limited to the latter two. I. has been fully considered. In 11.(a) we have a num-ber of ditferent simple re-actions; but, instead of investigat-ing them in separate series, we have, different kindsin one series: eg, a sound, a light, or a touch may appear, it being annouinced to the subject which it is to be; and he in each case re-acts by pressing the key. The impressions may be more bomogeneous, as a series of colors; but in all cases the subject need not appreciate the nature of the stimulus, but simply that a stimulus has appeared. In II.(b) the subject knows-the possible stimuli, but does not know which is to come next; otherwisethe conditions are precisely the same as above. Wundt's experiment with the irregular change between two intensities of sound would belong here, and would indicate that this is an essential factor. In MI. the several modes of re-action are necessarily known in advance. Instead of testing the different forms of re-actions in separate series, we have several in one series. For example: we re-act to a sound now with the thumb, then with the forefinger, the subject always knowing in advance what heis to do. In IV.(a) we are combining into one series different forms of simple re-actions, differing both in stimulus and form of re-action; but the complete re-action (eg, red color to be re-acted to by middle finger) is announcedbeforehand. In IV.(b) the subject is told in advance how to re-act, but not what the stimulus is to be. However, in both this and the foregoing case he need not wait to recognize the nature of the stimulus, but re-acts as soon as he detects its presence. All these are variations of simple re-action times. When we pass to IV.(c), we have a different, namely, an adaptive, re-action. The subject is not told any thingin advance except the association upon which he is to re-act: eg, if a blue light, with the right hand; if a red light, with the left hand; and so on. The essential difference here is that the subject must first distinguish a certain feature of the nature of the stimulus, in this case the color; then call up the appropriate movemenit and perform it. A re-action of this kind, there-* fore, involves a definite distinction of stimuli, and a choice of movements.