The development of the physical fitness construct across childhood
The development of the physical fitness construct across childhood
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DOI：
10.1111/sms.12889
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发表时间：
2018-01-01
影响因子：
4.1
通讯作者：
Naul, R.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Utesch, T.;Dreiskaemper, D.;Naul, R.
从许多不同角度来看，体能（PF）的测量都是一个重要因素。 PF 是儿童健康发育的决定因素，因为它与多种健康结果相关。然而，现有的构造分类法和常用的适应性评估在理论假设和实际意义方面有所不同。从理论角度来看，体能的构建涵盖了各种运动领域，例如心血管耐力、力量、协调性或灵活性（例如，Caspersen 等人，1985）。然而，大多数健康评估提供单一（综合）分数，包括所有项目作为测试结果。这隐含地与身体健康的一维结构相关，这已在幼儿期的其他运动表现评估中得到证实（例如，Utesch 等人，2016）。本研究在项目反应理论框架（部分信用模型）内调查了 6 至 9 岁儿童的这种一维结构。对 790 名 6 岁儿童、1371 名 7 岁儿童、1331 名 8 岁儿童和 925 名 9 岁儿童（48.2% 女性）进行了 7 项健身分测试，涵盖各种运动维度（6 分钟跑步、俯卧撑、仰卧起坐、立定跳远、20m 短跑、侧跳和向后平衡）。每个项目都根据性别和年龄转化为五个表现类别。这项研究表明，一维 PF 测试在整个童年时期是可行的。此外，对于6岁和7岁的孩子，包括向后平衡在内的所有七个项目都可以累积为一个因子。从大约八九岁开始，向后平衡似乎变得太容易了。总而言之，分析显示童年时期的 PF 没有多样化。
The measurement of physical fitness (PF) is an important factor from many different perspectives. PF is a determinant of healthy child development as it is related to several health outcomes. However, existing taxonomies of the construct and frequently used fitness assessments vary concerning their theoretical assumptions and practical implications. From a theoretical perspective, the construct of physical fitness covers a variety of motor domains, such as cardiovascular endurance, strength, coordination, or flexibility (eg, Caspersen etal., 1985). However, most fitness assessments provide a single (composite) score including all items as test outcome. This implicitly relates to a one-dimensional structure of physical fitness, which has been shown for other motor performance assessments in early childhood (eg, Utesch etal., 2016). This study investigated this one-dimensional structure for 6- to 9-year-old children within the item response theory framework (Partial Credit Model). Seven fitness subtests covering a variety of motor dimensions (6-minute run, pushups, sit-ups, standing broad jump, 20m sprint, jumping sideways, and balancing backwards) were conducted to a total of 790 six-year-olds, 1371 seven-year-olds, 1331 eight-year-olds, and 925 nine-year-olds (48.2% females). Each item was transformed into five performance categories controlling for sex and age. This study indicates that a one-dimensional testing of PF is feasible across middle childhood. Furthermore, for 6- and 7-year-olds, all seven items including balancing backwards can be accumulated to one factor. From the age of about 8 and 9years balancing backwards seems to become too easy. Altogether, analyses show no diversification of PF across childhood.