PHARMACOLOGICAL AND ANATOMICAL ANALYSIS OF FEAR CONDITIONING USING THE FEAR-POTENTIATED STARTLE PARADIGM
PHARMACOLOGICAL AND ANATOMICAL ANALYSIS OF FEAR CONDITIONING USING THE FEAR-POTENTIATED STARTLE PARADIGM
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DOI：
10.1037/0735-7044.100.6.814
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发表时间：
1986-12-01
影响因子：
1.9
通讯作者：
DAVIS, M
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
DAVIS, M
回顾了使用恐惧强化惊吓范式的恐惧条件作用的药理学和解剖学分析。这项测试通过增加简单反射(声学惊吓反射)的幅度来衡量条件性恐惧，这种反应是在先前与电击配对的提示存在时增加的。作为大多数动物恐惧或焦虑测试的替代方案，这种范式提供了许多优势，因为它不涉及操作物，并且反映在对正在进行的行为的增强而不是抑制上。通过临床上减少恐惧或焦虑的药物，如安定、吗啡和丁螺环酮，可以选择性地减少恐惧。电刺激技术表明，视觉条件刺激最终会改变声惊吓路径上特定点的声惊吓。与加强惊吓有关的视觉结构包括外侧膝状核、视皮层和上丘的深层和中间层。杏仁核的中央核和杏仁核腹侧通路的尾侧支投射到黑质或穿过黑质也是增强惊厥发生所必需的。电刺激杏仁核中央核可显著增加听觉惊厥。通过结合这些行为学、解剖学、生理学和药理学的方法，应该很快就可以确定发出恐惧信号以改变惊吓行为的刺激所需的每一条神经通路。一旦准确的结构被描绘出来，就应该有可能确定在恐惧状态下释放的神经递质，以及这些化学信息是如何沿着这些途径传递的，从而影响行为。
Pharmacological and anatomical analysis of fear conditioning using the fear-potentiated startle paradigm are reviewed. This test measures conditioned fear by an increase in the amplitude of a simple reflex (the acoustic startle reflex) in the presence of a cue previously paired with a shock. This paradigm offers a number of advantages as an alternative to most animal tests of fear or anxiety because it involves no operant and is reflected by an enhancement rather than a suppression of ongoing behavior. Fear-potentiated startle is selectively decreased by drugs such as diazepam, morphine, and buspirone that reduce fear or anxiety clinically. Electrical stimulation techniques suggest that a visual conditioned stimulus ultimately alters acoustic startle at a specific point along the acoustic startle pathway. Relevant visual structures implicated in potentiated startle include the lateral geniculate nucleus, visual cortex, and deep and intermediate layers of the superior colliculus. The central nucleus of the amygdala and the caudal branch of the ventral amygdalofugal pathway projecting to or through the substantia nigra are also necessary for potentiated startle to occur. Electrical stimulation of the central nucleus of the amygdala markedly increases acoustic startle. By combining these behavioral, anatomical, physiological, and pharmacological approaches, it should soon be possible to determine each neural pathway that is required for a stimulus signaling fear to alter startle behavior. Once the exact structures are delineated, it should be possible to determine the neurotransmitters that are released during a state of fear and how this chemical information is relayed along these pathways so as to affect behavior.