Processes in karst systems : physics, chemistry, and geology
Processes in karst systems : physics, chemistry, and geology
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DOI：
10.5860/choice.26-4499
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发表时间：
1988
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
W. Dreybrodt
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
W. Dreybrodt
1导言。-1导言。-1.1岩溶作用的过程。-1.2岩溶发育的解释方法。-1.3本书的组织结构。-I物理和化学的基本原理。-2.H2 O-CO2-CaCO_3体系的化学。-2.1反应和平衡。-2.2达到平衡的边界条件。-2.2.1一般情况。-2.2.2边界条件的变化。-2.2.3饱和CaCO_3溶液。-2.2.4饱和水在封闭体系。-2.2.5外来离子对方解石溶解的影响。-3质量传输。-3.1作为扩散质量传输原理的随机游动问题。-3.2扩散定律。-3.2.1一些基本解。-3.3扩散和平流质量传输。-3.3.1湍流中的扩散。-3.3.2流体动力弥散。-3.4扩散系数及其大小。-3.4.1分子扩散。-3.4.2涡流扩散。-3.4.3-4化学动力学。-4.1基本反应和整体反应的速率定律。-4.1.1基本反应。-4.1.2整体反应。-4.1.3速率常数的温度依赖性。-4.2接近平衡。-4.2.1不可逆反应。-4.2.2可逆反应。-4.3反应的动力学。-4.3.1例子。-4.4混合动力学。-5流体动力学。-5.1层流和湍流。-5.1.1伯努利定律。-5.1.2层流。-5.1.3湍流。-5.1.4岩溶含水层水力特性的例子。-5.1.5流经多孔介质。-II碳酸钙溶解和沉淀的原理。-6方解石的溶解和沉淀：非均质表面的化学。-6.1实验方法方解石溶解。-6.1.1转盘系统。-6.1.2批量实验。-6.1.3溶解速率的测量。-6.2方解石溶解动力学。-6.2.1方解石溶解的三个区域。-6.2.2 Plummer的力学模型，Wigley和Parkhurst(PWP模型)。-6.2.3力学模型与其他实验的比较。-6.3方解石沉淀动力学。-6.4溶解接近平衡。-7模拟喀斯特地区自然环境中方解石溶解和沉淀的动力学。-7.1问题陈述。-7.2质量传输方程。-7.3开放系统中的溶解和沉淀动力学。-7.3.1溶解和沉淀速率的计算。-7.3.2开放系统的溶解和沉淀动力学。-7.4溶解和沉淀动力学。封闭体系中的沉淀动力学。-7.4.1速率的计算。-7.4.2封闭体系的结果。-7.5湍流中扩散边界层对溶解和沉淀速率的影响。-7.5.1溶解和沉淀速率的计算。-7.5.2实验验证。-7.6在自然体系中的溶解。-7.6.1外来离子对溶解速率的影响。-7.6.2岩性对溶解速率的影响。-7.6.3在多孔介质中溶解岩溶过程的概念模型。-8岩溶系统。-8.1石灰岩中的裂缝和不连续。-8.1.1节理。-8.1.2断层。-8.1.3层面。-8.2构造段和洞穴的构造控制。-8.3岩溶含水层。-8.4洞穴。-8.5洞穴的发展。-9从初始状态到成熟的岩溶发育模式。-9.1裂缝中的压力场及其对早期河道发育的影响。-9.2网络连接模型。-9.2.1低倾角模型。-9.2.2高倾角模型。-9.2.3受限输入模型。-9.3溶解动力学和渗透长度的概念。-9.3.1渗透长度的概念。-9.3.2湍流中的渗透长度。-9.4岩溶从初始状态到成熟的发展。-9.5从数学模型的观点来看的地貌理论。-9.6实验模型。-9.7地表岩溶过程。-9.7.1洞穴和竖井的形成。-9.7.2岩溶剥蚀。-9.7.3地表和洞穴裸露岩石的剥蚀率。-10自然环境中方解石的沉淀。-10.1洞穴：生长和形态。-10.2石笋。-10.2.1石笋的形态。-10.2.2石笋的生长速度和相关直径。-10.3地表溪流中方解石的沉淀。-11结论和未来展望。-参考文献。
1 Introduction.- 1 Introduction.- 1.1 The Process of Karstification.- 1.2 Approaches to an Explanation of Karst Development.- 1.3 Organization of the Book.- I Basic Principles from Physics and Chemistry.- 2 Chemistry of the System H2 O-CO2 -CaCO3.- 2.1 Reactions and Equilibria.- 2.2 Boundary Conditions for Achieving Equilibrium.- 2.2.1 The General Case.- 2.2.2 Change of Boundary Conditions.- 2.2.3 Saturated CaCO3 Solutions.- 2.2.4 Mixing of Saturated Waters in the Closed System.- 2.2.5 Influence of Foreign Ions on Calcite Dissolution.- 3 Mass Transport.- 3.1 The Random Walk Problem as Principle for Diffusional Mass Transport.- 3.2 The Laws of Diffusion.- 3.2.1 Some Basic Solutions.- 3.3 Diffusive and Advective Mass Transport.- 3.3.1 Diffusion in Turbulent Flow.- 3.3.2 Hydrodynamic Dispersion.- 3.4 Diffusion Coefficients and Their Magnitudes.- 3.4.1 Molecular Diffusion.- 3.4.2 Eddy Diffusion.- 3.4.3 Hydrodynamic Dispersion.- 4 Chemical Kinetics.- 4.1 Rate Laws of Elementary and Overall Reactions.- 4.1.1 Elementary Reactions.- 4.1.2 Overall Reactions.- 4.1.3 Temperature Dependence of Rate Constants.- 4.2 Approaching Equilibrium.- 4.2.1 Irreversible Reactions.- 4.2.2 Reversible Reactions.- 4.3 The Kinetics of the Reaction H2 O + CO2 ? H++HCO? 3.- 4.3.1 Examples.- 4.4 Mixed Kinetics.- 5 Hydrodynamics of Flow.- 5.1 Laminar and Turbulent Flow.- 5.1.1 The Law of Bernoulli.- 5.1.2 Laminar Flow.- 5.1.3 Turbulent Flow.- 5.1.4 An Example of Hydraulic Characteristics of Karst Aquifers.- 5.1.5 Flow Through Porous Media.- II Principles of Dissolution and Precipitation of CaCO3.- 6 Dissolution and Precipitation of Calcite: The Chemistry of the Heterogeneous Surface.- 6.1 Experimental Methods of Calcite Dissolution.- 6.1.1 Rotating Disc System.- 6.1.2 Batch Experiments.- 6.1.3 Measurement of Dissolution Rates.- 6.2 The Kinetics of Calcite Dissolution.- 6.2.1 Three Regions of Calcite Dissolution.- 6.2.2 The Mechanistic Model of Plummer, Wigley and Parkhurst (PWP Model).- 6.2.3 Comparison of the Mechanistic Model with Other Experiments.- 6.3 Kinetics of Calcite Precipitation.- 6.4 Dissolution Close to Equilibrium.- 7 Modelling the Kinetics of Calcite Dissolution and Precipitation in Natural Environments of Karst Areas.- 7.1 Statement of the Problem.- 7.2 The Mass Transport Equation.- 7.3 Dissolution and Precipitation Kinetics in the Open System.- 7.3.1 Calculation of Dissolution and Precipitation Rates.- 7.3.2 Results for the Open System.- 7.4 Dissolution and Precipitation Kinetics in the Closed System.- 7.4.1 Calculation of the Rates.- 7.4.2 Results for the Closed System.- 7.5 The Influence of the Diffusion Boundary Layer to Dissolution and Precipitation Rates in Turbulent Flow.- 7.5.1 Calculation of Dissolution and Precipitation Rates.- 7.5.2 Experimental Verification.- 7.6 Dissolution in Natural Systems.- 7.6.1 Influence of Foreign Ions on Dissolution Rates Far from Equilibrium.- 7.6.2 Influence of Lithology on Dissolution Rates.- 7.6.3 Dissolution in Porous Media.- III Conceptual Models of Karst Processes.- 8 Karst Systems.- 8.1 Fractures and Discontinuities in Limestone Rocks.- 8.1.1 Joints.- 8.1.2 Faults.- 8.1.3 Bedding Planes.- 8.2 Structural Segments and Tectonic Control of Caves.- 8.3 Karst Aquifers.- 8.4 Caves.- 8.5 Development of Caves.- 9 Models of Karst Development from the Initial State to Maturity.- 9.1 Pressure Fields in Fractures and Their Influence on the Development of Early Channels.- 9.2 The Network Linking Models of Ewers.- 9.2.1 The Low Dip Model.- 9.2.2 The High Dip Model.- 9.2.3 The Restricted Input Model.- 9.3 Dissolution Kinetics and the Concept of Penetration Length.- 9.3.1 The Concept of Penetration Length.- 9.3.2 Penetration Lengths in Turbulent Flow.- 9.4 Karst Development from the Initial State to Maturity.- 9.5 Geomorphological Theories from the Viewpoint of the Mathematical Model.- 9.6 Experimental Models.- 9.7 Karst Processes on the Surface.- 9.7.1 The Formation of Dolines and Shafts.- 9.7.2 Karst Denudation.- 9.7.3 Denudation Rates on Bare Rock at the Surface and in Caves.- 10 Precipitation of Calcite in Natural Environments.- 10.1 Speleothems: Growth and Morphology.- 10.2 Stalagmites.- 10.2.1 Morphology of Stalagmites.- 10.2.2 Growth Rates of Stalagmites and Related Diameters.- 10.3 Calcite Precipitation in Surface Streams.- 11 Conclusion and Future Perspective.- References.