Chronic renal failure among farm families in cascade irrigation systems in Sri Lanka associated with elevated dietary cadmium levels in rice and freshwater fish (Tilapia)
Chronic renal failure among farm families in cascade irrigation systems in Sri Lanka associated with elevated dietary cadmium levels in rice and freshwater fish (Tilapia)
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DOI：
10.1007/s10653-007-9129-6
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发表时间：
2008-10-01
影响因子：
4.2
通讯作者：
Rajapaksha, K. H.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bandara, J. M. R. S.;Senevirathna, D. M. A. N.;Rajapaksha, K. H.
在斯里兰卡水库级联灌溉的主要农业区，慢性肾功能衰竭（CRF）已达到危机程度。该地区有5000多名患者正在接受慢性肾功能衰竭治疗。本研究的目的是确定CRF的病因。测定了5个主要水库的沉积物、水库周边土壤、水和荷花中9种重金属的浓度。所有五个水库的溶解镉（Cd）、铁（Fe）和铅（Pb）含量都较高。水库水中溶解的镉含量为0.03至0.06毫克/升。沉积物Cd浓度为1.78 ~ 2.45 mg/kg。未检出砷（As）。莲藕中Cd含量为253.82 mg/kg。5 ~ 50岁不同年龄组稻米极端暴露对镉的临时周可耐受摄入量（PTWI）为8.702 ~ 15.927 μ g/kg体重。鱼类极度暴露对Cd的PTWI为6.773 ~ 12.469 μ g/kg BW。鱼米主食的PTWI为15.475 ~ 28.396 μ g/kg BW。40 ~ 60岁CRF患者平均尿镉浓度为7.58 μ g Cd/g肌酐，无症状者平均尿镉浓度为11.62 μ g Cd/g肌酐，提示慢性Cd暴露。水库沉积物和水中Cd的可能来源是受Cd污染的农用化学品。斯里兰卡中北部流行的慢性慢性口蹄疫是由于长期从饮食中摄入镉，再加上饮用水中天然氟化物含量高，加上过去20年来对水库常规除淤的忽视。
Chronic renal failure (CRF), in the main agricultural region under reservoir based cascade irrigation in Sri Lanka has reached crisis proportion. Over 5,000 patients in the region are under treatment for CRF. The objective of this study is to establish the etiology of the CRF. Concentrations of nine heavy metals were determined in sediments, soils of reservoir peripheries, water and Nelumbo nucifera (lotus) grown in five major reservoirs that supply irrigation water. All five reservoirs carried higher levels of dissolved cadmium (Cd), iron (Fe) and lead (Pb). Dissolved Cd in reservoir water ranged from 0.03 to 0.06 mg/l. Sediment Cd concentration was 1.78-2.45 mg/kg. No arsenic (As) was detected. Cd content in lotus rhizomes was 253.82 mg/kg. The Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (PTWI) of Cd based on extreme exposure of rice is 8.702-15.927 mu g/kg body weight (BW) for different age groups, 5-50 years. The PTWI of Cd due to extreme exposure of fish is 6.773-12.469 mu g/kg BW. The PTWI on a rice staple with fish is 15.475-28.396 mu g/kg BW. The mean urinary cadmium (UCd) concentration in CRF patients of age group 40-60 years was 7.58 mu g Cd/g creatinine and in asymptomatic persons UCd was 11.62 mu g Cd/g creatinine, indicating a chronic exposure to Cd. The possible source of Cd in reservoir sediments and water is Cd-contaminated agrochemicals. The CRF prevalent in north central Sri Lanka is a result of chronic dietary intake of Cd, supported by high natural levels of fluoride in drinking water, coupled with neglecting of routine de-silting of reservoirs for the past 20 years.