Archaeological dogs from the Early Holocene Zhokhov site in the Eastern Siberian Arctic
Archaeological dogs from the Early Holocene Zhokhov site in the Eastern Siberian Arctic
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DOI：
10.1016/j.jasrep.2017.04.003
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发表时间：
2017-06-01
影响因子：
1.6
通讯作者：
Kasparov, Aleksey K.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Pitulko, Vladimir V.;Kasparov, Aleksey K.
在Zhokhov岛上进行的调查获得了一个小而有意义的早期全新世犬科动物群遗骸（MNI = 13）。为了澄清Zhokhov狗头骨的形态特征，他们将其与东西伯利亚狼的现代头骨进行了比较。这项分析表明，大约9000年前，一种完全形成的驯化狗作为一个物种出现在Zhokhov遗址，并被该地区的居民在狩猎和作为一种牲畜使用。狗拉雪橇的一种发达形式的存在已经为这种文化建立了可靠的基础。Zhokhov遗址的骨骼学狗遗骸分析表明，两个比例比（颅骨区域的头骨高度与头骨总长度的比值和Pm 1-Pm 2处的吻部高度与头骨总长度的比值）的比较是区分狼头骨和类似狼的狗头骨的通用和可靠的标准。这种方法可以防止任何单一的测量对任何个体的狗或狼的识别产生影响。因此，我们建议将它们命名为指数DD 1和DD 2（用于狗驯化）。我们还表明，雪橇犬和猎犬的标准存在，这显着改变了目前的想法，专门的狗品种形成的时间，通过定向选择。这一过程的完全完成标志着驯化的第三阶段。在时间和空间上，两个早期阶段先于它（通过人类活动形成的特定生态位内的摄食行为进行自然选择，然后是基于动物被驯服的能力的人工选择）。我们认为雪橇狗可能在大约15,000年前就已经在西伯利亚使用了。
Excavations on the Zhokhov Island yielded a small but meaningful collection of Early Holocene canine faunal remains (MNI = 13). To clarify the morphological characteristics of the Zhokhov dogs' skulls, they were compared to the modern skulls of the Eastern Siberian wolves. This analysis shows, that around 9000 years ago a fully formed, as a species, domesticated dog was present at the Zhokhov site and used by the inhabitants of the area while hunting and as a draft animal. Presence of a developed form of dog sledding has been securely established for this culture. The Zhokhov site osteological dog remains analysis showed that the comparison of two proportional ratios (the ratio of skull height in the cranial region to total skull length and the ratio of snout height at Pm1 - Pm2 to total skull length) is a universal and reliable criterion for distinguishing wolf skulls from wolf-like dog skulls. This method prevents the influence of any single measurement on the identification of any individual as a dog or a wolf. We propose to name them indices DD1 and DD2, accordingly (for Dog Domestication). We also show that a sled dog and hunting dog standard existed, which significantly changes the current ideas about the timing of specialized dog breed formation via directed selection. Full completion of this process marks the third stage of domestication. Two earlier stages precede it in time and space (natural selection via the feeding behavior within specific ecological niche, formed by the human activity, followed by artificial selection based on the animal's ability to be tamed). We suggest that sled dogs could have been used in Siberia around 15,000 years ago.