Geologic remote sensing for geothermal exploration: A review
Geologic remote sensing for geothermal exploration: A review
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DOI：
10.1016/j.jag.2014.05.007
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发表时间：
2014-12
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
F. Meer;C. Hecker;F. V. Ruitenbeek;H. Werff;Charlotte de Wijkerslooth;C. Wechsler
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
F. Meer;C. Hecker;F. V. Ruitenbeek;H. Werff;Charlotte de Wijkerslooth;C. Wechsler
本文对遥感在地热资源勘探中的潜力进行了全面综述。地壳中的温度梯度通常为每公里深度 25–30°C，但在位于俯冲带或裂谷带的活火山区域，每公里深度的温度梯度可高达 150°C。在这些火山地区，渗透性和多孔岩石中的大气水被加热，热水被截留形成地热储层。地球表面的温泉和喷气孔是地热水存在的证据。在低热函系统中，热量可用于加热/冷却和干燥，而在高热函系统中，则使用热水或蒸汽产生能量。在本文中，我们回顾了遥感在地热资源勘探中的潜力。我们从传统的地球物理和地球化学勘探技术出发，获得可以通过地球观测卫星测量的地球表面参数。接下来，我们总结了利用蚀变矿物学、温度异常和热通量、地球植物异常和地球表面变形来直接和间接检测地热潜力。本文的一部分专门介绍已发表的遥感研究，阐述了制图原理：地表变形、气体排放、矿物测绘、热通量测量、温度测绘和地球植物学。在拉帕卡纳火山口（智利）地热田的案例研究中，我们说明了地热储层各种表面表现之间的交叉关系以及遥感指标如何有助于勘探。我们的结论是，尽管地热系统遥感尚未完全成熟，但将这些表面测量整合到勘探框架中具有巨大潜力。我们对地热系统的分析以及遥感目前对研究这些系统的贡献，为未来的研究提出了许多建议。这些问题按照一系列问题进行分组：“遥感产品的可重复性如何”、“能否实现地热系统的长期监测”以及“地表表现与地下特征是否存在联系”？
This paper is a comprehensive review of the potential for remote sensing in exploring for geothermal resources. Temperature gradients in the earth crust are typically 25–30 °C per kilometer depth, however in active volcanic areas situated in subduction or rift zones gradients of up to 150 °C per kilometer depth can be reached. In such volcanic areas, meteoric water in permeable and porous rocks is heated and hot water is trapped to form a geothermal reservoir. At the Earth's surface hot springs and fumaroles are evidence of hot geothermal water. In low enthalpy systems the heat can be used for heating/cooling and drying while in high enthalpy systems energy is generated using hot water or steam. In this paper we review the potential of remote sensing in the exploration for geothermal resources. We embark from the traditional suite of geophysical and geochemical prospecting techniques to arrive at parameters at the Earth surface that can be measured by earth observing satellites. Next, we summarize direct and indirect detection of geothermal potential using alteration mineralogy, temperature anomalies and heat fluxes, geobotanical anomalies and Earth surface deformation. A section of this paper is dedicated to published remote sensing studies illustrating the principles of mapping: surface deformation, gaseous emissions, mineral mapping, heat flux measurements, temperature mapping and geobotany. In a case study from the La Pacana caldera (Chili) geothermal field we illustrate the cross cutting relationships between various surface manifestations of geothermal reservoirs and how remotely sensed indicators can contribute to exploration. We conclude that although remote sensing of geothermal systems has not reached full maturity, there is great potential for integrating these surface measurements in a exploration framework. A number of recommendations for future research result from our analysis of geothermal systems and the present contributions of remote sensing to studying these systems. These are grouped along a number of question lines: ‘how reproducible are remote sensing products’, ‘can long term monitoring of geothermal systems be achieved’ and ‘do surface manifestations link to subsurface features’?