Maladaptive choice behaviour by pigeons: an animal analogue and possible mechanism for gambling (sub-optimal human decision-making behaviour)
Maladaptive choice behaviour by pigeons: an animal analogue and possible mechanism for gambling (sub-optimal human decision-making behaviour)
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DOI：
10.1098/rspb.2010.1607
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发表时间：
2011-04-22
影响因子：
4.7
通讯作者：
Stagner, Jessica
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Zentall, Thomas R.;Stagner, Jessica
与人类的赌博行为相一致，但与最佳觅食理论相反，鸽子在实验1中表现出适应不良的选择行为，选择一种平均提供两个食物颗粒的替代品，而不是一种提供三个食物颗粒的替代品。在20%的试验中，选择两个颗粒的替代品产生的刺激总是预测10个食物颗粒;在剩下的80%的试验中，两个颗粒的替代品产生的不同刺激总是预测0个食物颗粒。选择三个颗粒的替代品总是导致三个食物颗粒。这种选择行为模仿了人类的货币赌博，其中与不赌博相关的特定结果（三个小球的信号）相比，不频繁出现的信号表示获胜事件（10个小球）的刺激被过分强调，而更频繁出现的信号表示失败事件（零个小球）的刺激被低估。在实验2中，选择两个小球的替代品导致10个小球的概率为20%以下的任何一个刺激的介绍。选择三粒替代品继续导致三个食物颗粒。在这种情况下，鸽子可靠地选择了提供三个小球的替代品，而不是平均提供两个小球的替代品。因此，在实验1中，鸽子的反应是为了获得区分性刺激信号强化和强化的缺乏，而不是为了获得强化的变化。
Consistent with human gambling behaviour but contrary to optimal foraging theory, pigeons showed maladaptive choice behaviour in experiment 1 by choosing an alternative that provided on average two food pellets over an alternative that provided a certain three food pellets. On 20 per cent of the trials, choice of the two-pellet alternative resulted in a stimulus that always predicted ten food pellets; on the remaining 80 per cent of the trials, the two-pellet alternative resulted in a different stimulus that always predicted zero food pellets. Choice of the three-pellet alternative always resulted in three food pellets. This choice behaviour mimics human monetary gambling in which the infrequent occurrence of a stimulus signalling the winning event (10 pellets) is overemphasized and the more frequent occurrence of a stimulus signalling the losing event (zero pellets) is underemphasized, compared with the certain outcome associated with not gambling (the signal for three pellets). In experiment 2, choice of the two-pellet alternative resulted in ten pellets with a probability of 20 per cent following presentation of either stimulus. Choice of the three-pellet alternative continued to result in three food pellets. In this case, the pigeons reliably chose the alternative that provided a certain three pellets over the alternative that provided an average of two pellets. Thus, in experiment 1, the pigeons were responding to obtain the discriminative stimuli signalling reinforcement and the absence of reinforcement, rather than to obtain the variability in reinforcement.