Towards a Theory of Ecosystems
Towards a Theory of Ecosystems
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DOI：
10.2139/ssrn.3218233
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发表时间：
2018-03
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
M. Jacobides;Carmelo Cennamo;A. Gawer
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
M. Jacobides;Carmelo Cennamo;A. Gawer
研究总结：最近在战略研究和实践中对"生态系统"的兴趣激增，主要集中在生态系统是什么以及它们如何运作。我们通过考虑生态系统何时以及为何出现，以及是什么使它们有别于其他治理形式来补充这一文献。我们认为，模块化使生态系统的出现，因为它允许一组不同但相互依赖的组织协调没有完全的等级法令。我们展示了生态系统如何基于各种类型的互补性来解决多边依赖性-超模块或独特，单向或双向-这决定了生态系统的增值。我们认为，在生态系统的核心在于非通用的互补性，并创造了一套角色，面对类似的规则。我们的结论与主流策略的影响和建议，为未来的研究。管理总结：我们考虑是什么使生态系统不同于其他商业集群，包括市场，联盟或分层管理的供应链。我们认为，生态系统是相互作用的组织，通过模块化而不是等级管理而得以实现，通过不可重新部署的集体投资而结合在一起。生态系统增加了价值，因为它们使管理人员能够通过一系列面临类似规则的角色来协调其多边依赖性，从而避免了与每个伙伴签订定制合同协议的需要。我们解释了不同类型的互补性（独特或超模块，通用或特定，单向或双向）如何塑造生态系统，并提供了一个“生态系统理论”，可以解释它们是什么，何时出现，以及为什么会发生对齐。最后，我们概述了影响生态系统的出现，进化和成功或失败的关键因素。
Research Summary: The recent surge of interest in “ecosystems” in strategy research and practice has mainly focused on what ecosystems are and how they operate. We complement this literature by considering when and why ecosystems emerge, and what makes them distinct from other governance forms. We argue that modularity enables ecosystem emergence as it allows a set of distinct yet interdependent organizations to coordinate without full hierarchical fiat. We show how ecosystems address multilateral dependences based on various types of complementarities—supermodular or unique, unidirectional or bidirectional—which determine the ecosystem's value‐add. We argue that at the core of ecosystems lie nongeneric complementarities, and the creation of sets of roles that face similar rules. We conclude with implications for mainstream strategy and suggestions for future research. Managerial Summary: We consider what makes ecosystems different from other business constellations, including markets, alliances, or hierarchically managed supply chains. Ecosystems, we posit, are interacting organizations, enabled by modularity, not hierarchically managed, bound together by the nonredeployability of their collective investment elsewhere. Ecosystems add value as they allow managers to coordinate their multilateral dependence through sets of roles that face similar rules, thus obviating the need to enter into customized contractual agreements with each partner. We explain how different types of complementarities (unique or supermodular, generic or specific, uni‐ or bi‐directional) shape ecosystems and offer a “theory of ecosystems” that can explain what they are, when they emerge, and why alignment occurs. Finally, we outline the critical factors affecting ecosystem emergence, evolution, and success—or failure.