Landscape Planning for Agricultural Non–Point Source Pollution Reduction. II. Balancing Watershed Size, Number of Watersheds, and Implementation Effort
Landscape Planning for Agricultural Non–Point Source Pollution Reduction. II. Balancing Watershed Size, Number of Watersheds, and Implementation Effort
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DOI：
10.1007/s00267-008-9174-7
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发表时间：
2009
影响因子：
3.5
通讯作者：
Jeffrey T. Maxted;M. Diebel;M. J. Vander Zanden
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Jeffrey T. Maxted;M. Diebel;M. J. Vander Zanden
农业面源（NPS）污染对水质和水生生态系统构成严重威胁。为此，人们付出了巨大的努力，通过实施农业保护措施来减少这些污染投入。尽管保护措施减少了各个领域的污染输入，但将污染控制效益扩大到流域水平（即改善溪流水质）一直是一项艰巨的挑战。这一困难凸显了 NPS 削减计划的必要性，该计划将重点放在目标流域内和目标流域内的特定位置，最终目标是改善溪流水质。 NPS 控制计划的基本计划设计特征（即计划中的流域数量、流域总面积以及流域内花费的努力水平）尚未在任何形式的正式分析中考虑。在这里，我们提出了一个优化模型，探索这些设计选择之间的程序和环境权衡。在 2 至 2 亿美元的一系列年度计划预算中，最佳流域数量为 3 至 27 个；最佳流域面积范围为 29 至 214 平方公里；最佳支出范围为每平方公里 21,000 美元至 35,000 美元。最佳的项目配置在很大程度上取决于项目总预算。根据我们的总体调查结果，我们划定了水文完整且空间独立的流域，面积范围为 20 至 100 平方公里。这些流域旨在作为威斯康星州目前正在制定的有针对性的核动力源污染控制计划的实施单位。
Agricultural non–point source (NPS) pollution poses a severe threat to water quality and aquatic ecosystems. In response, tremendous efforts have been directed toward reducing these pollution inputs by implementing agricultural conservation practices. Although conservation practices reduce pollution inputs from individual fields, scaling pollution control benefits up to the watershed level (i.e., improvements in stream water quality) has been a difficult challenge. This difficulty highlights the need for NPS reduction programs that focus efforts within target watersheds and at specific locations within target watersheds, with the ultimate goal of improving stream water quality. Fundamental program design features for NPS control programs—i.e., number of watersheds in the program, total watershed area, and level of effort expended within watersheds—have not been considered in any sort of formal analysis. Here, we present an optimization model that explores the programmatic and environmental trade-offs between these design choices. Across a series of annual program budgets ranging from $2 to $200 million, the optimal number of watersheds ranged from 3 to 27; optimal watershed area ranged from 29 to 214 km2; and optimal expenditure ranged from $21,000 to $35,000/km2. The optimal program configuration was highly dependent on total program budget. Based on our general findings, we delineated hydrologically complete and spatially independent watersheds ranging in area from 20 to 100 km2. These watersheds are designed to serve as implementation units for a targeted NPS pollution control program currently being developed in Wisconsin.