Air pollution and mortality benefits of the London Congestion Charge: spatial and socioeconomic inequalities
Air pollution and mortality benefits of the London Congestion Charge: spatial and socioeconomic inequalities
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DOI：
10.1136/oem.2007.036533
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发表时间：
2008-09-01
影响因子：
4.9
通讯作者：
Wilkinson, P.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Tonne, C.;Beevers, S.;Wilkinson, P.
目标：为了缓解伦敦市中心的交通拥堵，市长于 2003 年 2 月推出了拥堵收费计划 (CCS)。我们模拟了 CCS 对交通污染物水平、预期寿命和社会经济不平等的影响。方法：使用排放扩散模型对年平均 NO(2) 和 PM(10) 进行建模。我们假设气象和车辆数量在 CCS 前后期间保持不变，以隔离交通流量引起的变化。空气污染浓度与小区域的社会经济、人口和死亡率数据相关。使用寿命表分析和文献中的暴露反应系数来预测预期寿命的相关变化。 结果：在引入 CCS 之前，大伦敦地区的年平均 NO(2) 为 39.9 mg/m(3)，PM(10) 为 26.2 mg/m(3)。在收费区内或邻近的普查区中，NO(2) 浓度为 54.7 mg/m(3)，PM(10) 浓度为 30.3 mg/m(3)。与其他病房相比，收费区病房引入 CCS 后浓度的绝对和相对降低幅度更大。收费区病房的预计收益为每 10 万人 183 岁，而其余病房为 18 岁。伦敦总体寿命增加了 1888 岁。越贫困的地区空气污染浓度越高；与最贫困地区相比，这些地区的空气污染减少和死亡率方面的效益也更大。结论：CCS 是一项针对交通拥堵的局部计划，似乎对空气污染水平和相关预期寿命有一定的改善。在较贫困地区进一步减少空气污染可能会对减少空气污染影响中的社会经济不平等做出微小贡献。
Objectives: To alleviate traffic congestion in Central London, the Mayor introduced the Congestion Charging Scheme (CCS) in February 2003. We modelled the impact of the CCS on levels of traffic pollutants, life expectancy and socioeconomic inequalities.Methods: Annual average NO(2) and PM(10) were modelled using an emission-dispersion model. We assumed the meteorology and vehicle fleet remained constant during the pre- and post-CCS periods to isolate changes due to traffic flow. Air pollution concentrations were linked to small area socioeconomic, population and mortality data. Associated changes in life expectancy were predicted using life table analysis and exposure-response coefficients from the literature.Results: Before the introduction of the CCS, annual average NO(2) was 39.9 mg/m(3) and PM(10) was 26.2 mg/m(3) across Greater London. Concentrations were 54.7 mg/m(3) for NO(2) and 30.3 mg/m(3) for PM(10) among census wards within or adjacent to the charging zone. Absolute and relative reductions in concentrations following the introduction of the CCS were greater among charging zone wards compared to remaining wards. Predicted benefits in the charging zone wards were 183 years of life per 100 000 population compared to 18 years among the remaining wards. In London overall, 1888 years of life were gained. More deprived areas had higher air pollution concentrations; these areas also experienced greater air pollution reductions and mortality benefits compared to the least deprived areas.Conclusions: The CCS, a localised scheme targeting traffic congestion, appears to have modest benefit on air pollution levels and associated life expectancy. Greater reductions in air pollution in more deprived areas are likely to make a small contribution to reducing socioeconomic inequalities in air pollution impacts.