Does Accessibility Require Density or Speed?
Does Accessibility Require Density or Speed?
复制标题
DOI：
10.1080/01944363.2012.677119
复制
发表时间：
2012-04
影响因子：
5.6
通讯作者：
J. Levine;Joe Grengs;Qingyun Shen;Qing Shen
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
J. Levine;Joe Grengs;Qingyun Shen;Qing Shen
问题、研究策略和发现：将可访问性作为交通性能指标的倡导者经常断言，它需要更高的密度。相反，传统的交通规划方法将速度本身视为交通成功的一个指标。在检验这些主张时，我们进行了两个方法论创新。第一个是一种新的基于城际重力的可达性度量。其次，我们分解了密度对可达性的影响，以突出速度和接近度的截然相反的影响，说明了这两个因素之间的不同家族关系。这表明，人口稠密的大都市地区的旅行速度较慢，但起点到目的地的距离更近。前一种效应倾向于降低可及性，而后者则倾向于提高可及性。尽管理论上有理由预计速度效应占主导地位，但结果表明，邻近效应占主导地位，使人口密度较高的大都市地区更容易到达。实践指南：有目的地在附近，比如当人口密度高的时候，即使相关的拥堵减缓了交通速度，也会带来好处。在土地使用政策经常寻求支持低开发密度的地方，部分原因是为了保持出行速度和防止交通拥堵，我们的研究结果表明，紧凑型开发往往可以改善交通结果。研究支持：环境保护局项目RD-83334901-0，联邦卫生与公众服务局合作协议编号：DTFH61-07-H-00037，以及密歇根大学格雷厄姆环境可持续发展研究所。
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Advocates of accessibility as a transportation performance metric often assert that it requires higher density. Conversely, traditional transportation planning methods have valued speed per se as an indicator of success in transportation. In examining these claims, we make two methodological innovations. The first is a new intermetropolitan gravity-based accessibility metric. Second, we decompose the impact of density on accessibility to highlight the distinct opposing influences of speed and proximity in a manner that illustrates different families of relationships between these two factors. This reveals that denser metropolitan regions have slower travel speeds but greater origin-destination proximity. The former effect tends to degrade accessibility while the latter tends to enhance it. Despite theoretical reasons to expect that the speed effect dominates, results suggest that the proximity effect dominates, rendering the denser metropolitan areas more accessible. Takeaway for practice: Having destinations nearby, as when densities are high, offers benefits even when the associated congestion slows traffic. Where land use policy frequently seeks to support low-development densities in part in an attempt to maintain travel speeds and forestall traffic congestion, our findings suggest that compact development can often improve transportation outcomes. Research support: Environmental Protection Agency project RD-83334901-0, FHWA Cooperative Agreement Number: DTFH61-07-H-00037, and the Graham Environmental Sustainability Institute at the University of Michigan.