Speech perception as an active cognitive process
Speech perception as an active cognitive process
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DOI：
10.3389/fnsys.2014.00035
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发表时间：
2014-01-01
影响因子：
3
通讯作者：
Nusbaum, Howard C.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Heald, Shannon L. M.;Nusbaum, Howard C.
语音感知的一种观点是将声学信号转换为模式匹配的表示形式，以确定语言结构。这个过程可以被视为统计模式匹配问题，假设相对稳定的语言类别的特征是与可与语音输入进行比较的语音听觉属性相关的神经表示。这种模式匹配可以称为被动过程，意味着处理的刚性，对认知处理的要求很少。另一种观点认为，语音识别，即使在早期阶段，也是一个积极的过程，其中语音分析受到注意引导。请注意，这并不意味着有意识地引导，而是早期听觉编码中的信息相关变化可以作为上下文和经验的函数而发生。主动处理假设注意力、可塑性和听力目标对于考虑听众如何通过掩盖环境中的噪音或听力损失来应对损害听力的不利环境非常重要。尽管语音感知理论已经开始纳入一些主动处理，但它们很少将早期语音编码视为可塑的和注意力引导的。最近的研究表明，言语感知是许多大脑区域之间前馈和反馈相互作用的产物，其中包括可能远至耳蜗下游的下降投射。重要的是要了解语音信号的模糊性和上下文的限制如何动态地决定感知过程中招募的认知资源，包括集中注意力、学习和工作记忆。语音感知理论需要超越当前的皮质中心方法，以便解释语音听觉编码的内在动态。这样做可能会为通过增强或治疗来治疗听力障碍和丧失的方法提供新的见解。
One view of speech perception is that acoustic signals are transformed into representations for pattern matching to determine linguistic structure. This process can be taken as a statistical pattern-matching problem, assuming realtively stable linguistic categories are characterized by neural representations related to auditory properties of speech that can be compared to speech input. This kind of pattern matching can be termed a passive process which implies rigidity of processing with few demands on cognitive processing. An alternative view is that speech recognition, even in early stages, is an active process in which speech analysis is attentionally guided. Note that this does not mean consciously guided but that information-contingent changes in early auditory encoding can occur as a function of context and experience. Active processing assumes that attention, plasticity, and listening goals are important in considering how listeners cope with adverse circumstances that impair hearing by masking noise in the environment or hearing loss. Although theories of speech perception have begun to incorporate some active processing, they seldom treat early speech encoding as plastic and attentionally guided. Recent research has suggested that speech perception is the product of both feedforward and feedback interactions between a number of brain regions that include descending projections perhaps as far downstream as the cochlea. It is important to understand how the ambiguity of the speech signal and constraints of context dynamically determine cognitive resources recruited during perception including focused attention, learning, and working memory. Theories of speech perception need to go beyond the current corticocentric approach in order to account for the intrinsic dynamics of the auditory encoding of speech. In doing so, this may provide new insights into ways in which hearing disorders and loss may be treated either through augementation or therapy.