Sustainable travel or sustaining growth
Sustainable travel or sustaining growth
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可持续旅行或持续增长
DOI：
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发表时间：
2017
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
R. Hickman
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
R. Hickman
©2018，Jonathan Cowie和Stephen Ison的选择和编辑事项；个别章节，贡献者。规划新的基础设施，包括价值超过10亿美元的大型基础设施项目和许多规模较小的项目，对包括伦敦在内的许多国际城市的发展至关重要。雄心壮志令人印象深刻：在这些计划和项目中……包括在伦敦东部建造一个新的四跑道枢纽机场；在某些地铁线路上，每小时最多可提供36列火车；2030年建成2号横贯铁路；延长贝克卢线；新建东伦敦河交叉口；四轨西安格利亚铁路；南伦敦地铁；轨道内隧道；改进措施，使伦敦铁路网的乘客数量增加一倍；新建200公里自行车公路。（大伦敦当局，2014a, p.3）基础设施规划被定位为促进经济增长的关键——实际上是全球化和资本主义本身的核心——前提是高度流动的世界。比尔·盖茨（1996）的“无摩擦资本主义”概念主要关注电子互动，但与这种交流水平的提高相关联的是，作为全球互联世界的一部分，物理旅行的增加。伦敦计划中的增长在很大程度上意味着增加人员和货物的流动性——旨在实现无摩擦的便利。在许多城市，基础设施规划已经成为促进经济增长的代名词。然而，这一愿景也存在一些问题——尤其是环境问题（如二氧化碳和当地空气质量）、社会问题（如与车辆有关的伤亡、遣散费、非汽车司机的交通不便）以及对城市结构的相关不利影响。几乎被普遍接受的可持续城市交通战略是在紧凑型城市发展的同时，加大对公共交通、步行和骑自行车的投资。然而，在许多城市，这一战略并没有得到有效实施，而是过多地关注公路投资和分散发展。基础设施项目的开发往往没有充分的关键评估。它们被宣传为可持续发展的核心，但实际上，除了维持经济增长，在旅游和发展价值提升方面支持高收入群体之外，它们几乎没有什么作用。
© 2018 selection and editorial matter, Jonathan Cowie and Stephen Ison; individual chapters, the contributors. The planning of new infrastructure, including major infrastructure projects over $1 billion in value and many projects of smaller scale, has become critical to the development of many cities internationally, including London. The ambition has become impressive: Among the programmes and projects… are a new four-runway hub airport to the east of London; delivery of up to 36 trains per hour on certain tube lines; Crossrail 2 by 2030; extending the Bakerloo line; new East-London river crossings; four-tracking the West Anglia lines; a South London Metro; an inner orbital road tunnel; improvements to double the number of passengers on London’s rail network; and 200km of new cycle highways. (Greater London Authority, 2014a, p.3) Infrastructure planning is positioned as critical in facilitating economic growth – indeed central to globalisation and capitalism itself – premised on the vision of a highly mobile world. Bill Gates’ (1996) notion of ‘frictionless capitalism’ had a central focus on electronic interaction, but associated with this enhanced level of communication is an increase in physical travel as part of a globally interconnected world. The implication for much of London’s planned growth is for the increased mobility of people and goods – aiming for frictionless ease. Infrastructure planning has become synonymous with efforts to promote economic growth across many cities. There are problems, however, with this vision – not least the environmental (e.g. carbon dioxide and local air quality), social (e.g. vehicle-related casualties, severance, poor accessibility for non-car drivers) and associated adverse impacts on the city fabric. The almost universally accepted strategy for sustainable urban mobility is one of high investment in public transport, walking and cycling, alongside compact urban development – yet in many cities this is not being effectively delivered, with too much focus given to highway investment and dispersed development. Infrastructure projects are often developed without sufficient critical assessment. They are marketed as central to sustainable development, yet, in reality, do little more than sustain economic growth, supporting high-income groups in terms of travel and development value uplift.