Performance Feedback Promotes Proactive but Not Reactive Adaptation of Conflict-Control
Performance Feedback Promotes Proactive but Not Reactive Adaptation of Conflict-Control
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DOI：
10.1037/xhp0000720
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发表时间：
2020-04-01
影响因子：
2.1
通讯作者：
Egner, Tobias
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bejjani, Christina;Tan, Sophie;Egner, Tobias
认知控制是指使用内部目标来指导我们如何处理刺激，控制可以主动（在预期刺激时）或被动（一旦刺激出现）。控制的应用可以通过记忆来指导;例如，人们通常会学习调整他们的注意力选择性水平，以改变任务统计数据，例如Stroop任务中不同频率的困难和容易试验。这种类型的控制学习是高度自适应的，但其边界条件目前还没有得到很好的理解。在本研究中，我们评估了如何存在的性能反馈形状控制学习的背景下，项目特定的（反应控制，实验1a和1b）和列表范围内（主动控制，实验2a和2b）的一致性操作的Stroop协议的比例。我们发现，绩效反馈并没有改变特定项目线索的Stroop效应的调制，但增强了Stroop效应的调制由列表范围内的情况。因此，绩效反馈选择性地促进了认知控制的主动适应，而不是被动适应。这些结果对实验设计、潜在的精神病治疗和控制学习机制的理论解释具有重要意义。公共意义陈述控制学习描述了记忆引导人类如何在各种情境中调整注意力优先级的过程，它通常是通过分析人们如何学会调整他们的注意力优先顺序，以不同频率的困难和容易的试验来评估的。挑战注意力的任务。在这里，我们操纵了多少次特定的图像（项目特定）或块的试验（列表范围内）预测困难的试验，并发现，性能反馈选择性地促进招聘的预期，主动控制，代表的列表范围内的比例一致的范式，并没有什么影响招聘的时刻，反应性控制，代表的项目特定的比例一致的范式。这些结果表明，内在动机的操纵可以提高招聘昂贵的主动控制，这可能被证明是特别有用的精神疾病，如精神分裂症，其中主动控制受损。
Cognitive control refers to the use of internal goals to guide how we process stimuli, and control can be applied proactively (in anticipation of a stimulus) or reactively (once that stimulus has been presented). The application of control can be guided by memory; for instance, people typically learn to adjust their level of attentional selectivity to changing task statistics, such as different frequencies of hard and easy trials in the Stroop task. This type of control-learning is highly adaptive, but its boundary conditions are currently not well understood. In the present study, we assessed how the presence of performance feedback shapes control-learning in the context of item-specific (reactive control, Experiments 1a and 1b) and list-wide (proactive control, Experiments 2a and 2b) proportion of congruency manipulations in a Stroop protocol. We found that performance feedback did not alter the modulation of the Stroop effect by item-specific cueing, but did enhance the modulation of the Stroop effect by a list-wide context. Performance feedback thus selectively promoted proactive, but not reactive, adaptation of cognitive control. These results have important implications for experimental designs, potential psychiatric treatment, and theoretical accounts of the mechanisms underlying control-learning.Public Significance StatementControl-learning describes the process through which memory guides how humans adjust their attentional priorities across various contexts, and it is typically assessed by analyzing how people learn to adjust their attentional priorities to different frequencies of hard and easy trials on tasks that challenge attention. Here, we manipulated how often particular images (item-specific) or blocks of trials (list-wide) were predictive of difficult trials and found that performance feedback selectively promoted the recruitment of anticipatory, proactive control, represented by the list-wide proportion congruent paradigm, and had little impact on the recruitment of in-the-moment, reactive control, represented by the item-specific proportion congruent paradigm. These results suggest that intrinsic motivation manipulations can enhance the recruitment of costly proactive control, which may prove especially useful for psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia, in which proactive control is impaired.