Search superiority: Goal-directed attentional allocation creates more reliable incidental identity and location memory than explicit encoding in naturalistic virtual environments
Search superiority: Goal-directed attentional allocation creates more reliable incidental identity and location memory than explicit encoding in naturalistic virtual environments
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DOI：
10.1016/j.cognition.2019.104147
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发表时间：
2020-03-01
期刊：
影响因子：
3.4
通讯作者：
Vo, Melissa L. -H.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Helbing, Jason;Draschkow, Dejan;Vo, Melissa L. -H.
我们使用在终身学习过程中形成的表征和期望来支持注意力分配和感知。与传统的实验室研究相比，真实世界的记忆形成通常是在没有明确指导的情况下实现的，并且是作为与我们环境自然交互的副产品。理解这个过程和自然形成的表征的质量对于理解记忆如何用于引导注意力和感知至关重要。利用沉浸式、可导航且逼真的虚拟环境，我们通过将偶然生成的记忆表示与显式记忆的项目的记忆进行比较来研究偶然生成的记忆表示。参与者要么在现实的室内环境中寻找嵌入的物体，要么明确地记住它们，以进行后续的身份和位置记忆测试。我们第一次表明，与外显记忆相比，偶然编码后自然物体的身份及其在3D空间中的位置的记忆更高，尽管随后的记忆测试让参与者感到惊讶。相关的凝视行为的记忆性能显示，编码时间是更好地预测随后的记忆，当参与者明确地记住一个项目，顺便encodingit.Our研究结果表明，主动行为过程中引导注意力分配的积极性质允许行为最佳的形成和利用的表示。这突出了在生态有效条件下研究认知的重要性，并表明理解编码和维护信息的最自然过程对于理解适应性行为至关重要。
We use representations and expectations formed during life-long learning to support attentional allocation and perception. In comparison to traditional laboratory investigations, real-world memory formation is usually achieved without explicit instruction and on-the-fly as a by-product of natural interactions with our environment. Understanding this process and the quality of naturally formed representations is critical to understanding how memory is used to guide attention and perception. Utilizing immersive, navigable, and realistic virtual environments, we investigated incidentally generated memory representations by comparing them to memories for items which were explicitly memorized. Participants either searched for objects embedded in realistic indoor environments or explicitly memorized them for follow-up identity and location memory tests. We show for the first time that memory for the identity of naturalistic objects and their location in 3D space is higher after incidental encoding compared to explicit memorization, even though the subsequent memory tests came as a surprise to participants. Relating gaze behavior to memory performance revealed that encoding time was more predictive of subsequent memory when participants explicitly memorized an item, compared to incidentally encoding it. Our results suggest that the active nature of guiding attentional allocation during proactive behavior allows for behaviorally optimal formation and utilization of representations. This highlights the importance of investigating cognition under ecologically valid conditions and shows that understanding the most natural processes for encoding and maintaining information is critical for understanding adaptive behavior.