Genetic Improvement of Agronomic Traits of Winter Wheat Cultivars Released in France from 1946 to 1992
Genetic Improvement of Agronomic Traits of Winter Wheat Cultivars Released in France from 1946 to 1992
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DOI：
10.2135/cropsci2003.3700
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发表时间：
2003
期刊：
影响因子：
2.3
通讯作者：
M. Brancourt-Hulmel;G. Doussinault;C. Lecomte;P. Bérard;B. L. Buanec;M. Trottet
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
M. Brancourt-Hulmel;G. Doussinault;C. Lecomte;P. Bérard;B. L. Buanec;M. Trottet
在欧洲农业实践可能走向低投入粗放型系统的背景下，确定冬小麦（Triticum aestivum L.）的遗传改良不仅在高投入农业系统中，而且在低投入农业系统中也很重要。本研究评估了20世纪下半叶法国栽培的冬小麦品种在4种农艺处理下的农艺性状改善情况：两种水平的杀菌剂与两种水平的氮肥相结合。在1946年至1992年间引进的14个品种在5个地点种植了两年（1994年和1995年）。1946年以后冬小麦产量的增加主要是选择的结果。选择对这一增长的贡献取决于农艺处理，从三分之一到二分之一不等。高度降低是最重要的因素。秸秆较短的新品种由于不易倒伏，表现出较高的收获指数值和更稳定的产量。从给定的总地上生物量中产生更多籽粒的能力是第二个因素。随着时间的推移，每单位面积的籽粒数量增加，而籽粒的重量没有改变。千粒重与粒数/ m2之间的负相关关系发生了转移，新品种比老品种填粒数更多。现代品种比它们的前辈更有效地利用氮。未来的挑战将是在低投入系统中获得与高投入系统相同的遗传收益。
In a context where agricultural practices in Europe are likely to go toward extensive systems with lower inputs, it is important to determine the genetic improvement of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) not only in high-input agricultural systems but also in low-input systems. This study assesses the improvement in agronomic traits of winter wheat cultivars cultivated in France during the second half of the 20th century at four agronomic treatments: two levels of fungicide were combined with two levels of nitrogen fertilizer. Fourteen cultivars introduced between 1946 and 1992 were grown for two years (1994 and 1995) at five locations. Selection played a major role in the increase in winter wheat yield after 1946. The contribution of selection to this increase depended on the agronomic treatment and varied from one third to one half. Reduction of height was the most important factor. New cultivars with shorter straw expressed higher harvest index values and more consistent higher yields since they were less susceptible to lodging. The ability to produce more kernels from a given total above-ground biomass was the second factor. The number of kernels per unit area had increased over time without alteration of the weight of the kernels. The negative relationship between 1000-kernel weight and kernel number/m 2 was therefore shifted and new cultivars were thus able to fill more kernels than older entries. Modern cultivars used N more efficiently than their predecessors. The future challenge will be to obtain, in low-input systems, the same genetic gains as in high-input systems.