Analyses and simulations of the upper ocean's response to Hurricane Felix at the Bermuda Testbed Mooring site: 13–23 August 1995
Analyses and simulations of the upper ocean's response to Hurricane Felix at the Bermuda Testbed Mooring site: 13–23 August 1995
复制标题
DOI：
10.1029/2001jc000969
复制
发表时间：
2002-12
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
S. Zedler;T. Dickey;S. Doney;J. Price;X. Yu;G. Mellor
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
S. Zedler;T. Dickey;S. Doney;J. Price;X. Yu;G. Mellor
导致近惯性频率的动能、温跃层内的重力波、惯性抽吸、混合层加深和热量的显著垂直再分配的大幅度增加，30 m以上冷却，30-70 m深处变暖。利用四个一维混合层模式：Price-Weller-Pinkel（PWP）、K廓线参数化（KPP）、Mellor-Yamada 2.5（MY）和MY2.5的改进版本（MY 2）模拟了温度演变。模型结果的主要差异在于它们对温度演变的模拟。特别是，当被迫使用一个阻力系数thathalineardependenceonwindspeed，KPP模型预测的海面冷却，混合层电流，最大深度的冷却更接近的观测比任何其他模式。这部分是由于对梯度Richardson数（RgKPP）剪切不稳定性混合的特殊参数化对湍流中分解剪切的响应。MY 2模型比MY模型预测了更多的表面冷却和更大的动能穿透深度。在MY 2模式中，湍流动能耗散率被参数化为局部定义的Richardson数（RgMY 2）的函数，当内部重力波可能存在时，允许减少稳定Richardson数（RgMY 2）的耗散率。结果表明，上层的大部分热量损失是由于卷吸（参数化为体Richardson数RbPWP的函数），其余部分是由于局部Richardson数（RgPWP）不稳定性。除MY模型外，模型预测了飓风通过期间和之后25和45米处的北向和东向海流分量的合理估计。虽然结果强调了对给定风应力的模拟响应之间的差异，但目前对风速测量（包括可能的海况和波龄和遮蔽效应）的风应力公式的争议警告不要使用我们的结果来评估模型技巧。特别是，敏感性研究表明，MY 2模拟的温度演变是优秀的风应力增加时，虽然电流大于观察。敏感性实验还表明，先前存在的惯性运动调制的振幅风暴后的电流，但可能没有显着的共振响应，因为顺时针风旋转为我们的研究地点。索引术语：4504海洋学身体状况：空气/海洋相互作用（0312）; 4572海洋学：物理：上层海洋过程; 4255海洋学：一般：数值模拟; 4544海洋学：物理：内波和内波;关键词：飓风、热带气旋、混合层建模、上层海洋过程、惯性流、海洋风暴
causedalargeincreaseinkineticenergyatnear-inertialfrequencies,internalgravitywavesin the thermocline, and inertial pumping, mixed layer deepening, and significant vertical redistribution of heat, with cooling of the upper 30 m and warming at depths of 30–70 m. The temperature evolution was simulated using four one-dimensional mixed layer models: Price-Weller-Pinkel (PWP), K Profile Parameterization (KPP), Mellor-Yamada 2.5 (MY), and a modified version of MY2.5 (MY2). The primary differences in the model results were in their simulations of temperature evolution. In particular, when forced using a drag coefficient thathadalinear dependenceonwindspeed,the KPPmodelpredicted seasurface cooling, mixed layer currents, and the maximum depth of cooling closer to the observations than any of the other models. This was shown to be partly because of a special parameterization for gradient Richardson number (RgKPP) shear instability mixing in responsetoresolvedshearintheinterior.TheMY2modelpredictedmoreseasurfacecooling and greater depth penetration of kinetic energy than the MY model. In the MY2 model the dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy is parameterized as a function of a locally defined Richardson number (RgMY2) allowing for a reduction in dissipation rate for stable Richardsonnumbers(RgMY2)wheninternalgravitywavesarelikelytobepresent.Sensitivity simulations with the PWP model, which has specifically defined mixing procedures, show that most of the heat lost from the upper layer was due to entrainment (parameterized as a function of bulk Richardson number RbPWP), with the remainder due to local Richardson number (RgPWP) instabilities. With the exception of the MY model the models predicted reasonable estimates of the north and east current components during and after the hurricane passage at 25 and 45 m. Although the results emphasize differences between the modeled responsestoagivenwindstress,currentcontroversyovertheformulationofwindstressfrom wind speed measurements (including possible sea state and wave age and sheltering effects) cautions against using our results for assessing model skill. In particular, sensitivity studies show that MY2 simulations of the temperature evolution are excellent when the wind stress is increased, albeit with currents that are larger than observed. Sensitivity experiments also indicate that preexisting inertial motion modulated the amplitude of poststormcurrents,butthattherewasprobablynotasignificantresonantresponsebecauseof clockwise wind rotation for our study site. INDEX TERMS: 4504 Oceanography: Physical: Air/sea interactions (0312); 4572 Oceanography: Physical: Upper ocean processes; 4255 Oceanography: General: Numericalmodeling;4544Oceanography:Physical:Internalandinertialwaves;KEYWORDS:hurricane,tropical cyclone, mixed layer modeling, upper ocean processes, inertial currents, ocean storms