Evolutionary ecotoxicology of pesticide resistance: a case study in Daphnia
Evolutionary ecotoxicology of pesticide resistance: a case study in Daphnia
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DOI：
10.1007/s10646-011-0627-z
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发表时间：
2011-05-01
期刊：
影响因子：
2.7
通讯作者：
De Meester, Luc
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Jansen, Mieke;Coors, Anja;De Meester, Luc
在其环境中暴露于农药的自然种群可能同时暴露于寄生虫和捕食者等自然压力源，这些压力源可能与农药暴露相互作用。这不仅可能影响目标害虫物种，还可能影响各种非目标物种。大型蚤是一种非靶生物，常被用作生态学和生态毒理学的模式生物。重点是不同的方面，是至关重要的了解农药暴露的进化生态学：（1）自然种群的能力，以遗传适应农药暴露（2）增加的复杂性，协同效应所造成的同时暴露于自然的压力，和（3）适应农药暴露的进化成本的潜在干扰。我们的研究结果表明，自然种群能够迅速进化出对农药西维因的抗性，但以牺牲适应度为代价。选择西维因抗性的个体在暴露于农药时具有更高的存活率，但对细菌内寄生虫多枝巴斯德菌施加的挑战也具有更大的敏感性。在某些情况下，进化出的对西维因的抗性仅在不存在鱼类利它素的情况下表达。此外，很明显，暴露于单一和组合的压力源的反应是几个生活史变量强烈依赖于过去暴露于西维因。这表明，过去暴露于农药是重要的，不能被忽视时，评估当前的压力源的反应。
Natural populations that are exposed to pesticides in their environment may at the same time be exposed to natural stressors like parasites and predators, which may interact with pesticide exposure. This may not only impact target pest species but also a wide variety of non-target species. This review reports on a joint research program in the water flea Daphnia magna, a non-target species often used as model organism in ecology and ecotoxicology. The focus is on different aspects that are of key importance to understand the evolutionary ecology of pesticide exposure: (1) the capacity of natural populations to genetically adapt to pesticide exposure (2) the added complexity of synergistic effects caused by simultaneous exposure to natural stressors, and (3) the potential interference of evolutionary costs of adaptation to pesticide exposure. Our results showed that natural populations were able to rapidly evolve resistance to the pesticide carbaryl but at the expense of fitness costs. Individuals selected for carbaryl resistance had higher survival rates when exposed to the pesticide but also a greater susceptibility to the challenge imposed by the bacterial endoparasite Pasteuria ramosa. The evolved resistance to carbaryl was in some cases only expressed in the absence of fish kairomones. Further, it became clear that the responses to both exposure to single and combined stressors was for several life history variables strongly dependent upon past exposure to carbaryl. This indicates that past exposures to pesticides are important and can not be neglected when evaluating responses to current stressors.