Reciprocal exchange in chimpanzees and other primates
Reciprocal exchange in chimpanzees and other primates
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DOI：
10.1007/3-540-28277-7_6
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发表时间：
2006-01-01
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影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Mitani, John C.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Mitani, John C.
动物行为研究的一个中心问题是为什么个体合作和交换利他行为（Dugatkin 1997）。相当多的理论注意力集中在解释昆虫和灵长类动物等不同分类群的合作和利他主义的进化上（Hamilton 1964a, 1964b, Trivers 1971, Brown 1983）。根据经验，男性之间的合作产生了实质性的利益，因为他们主要竞争的资源，女性，不容易分割和共享（Trivers 1972）。黑猩猩（类人猿）在讨论雄性之间的合作行为方面发挥了重要作用。黑猩猩生活在“单位群体”或“社区”中，其成员因雌性分散而开放（Nishida 1968, Nishida & Kawanaka 1972, Pusey 1979, Goodall 1986, Boesch & Boesch- achermann 2000）。有爱心的雄性黑猩猩形成了强大的社会纽带，并在社区之间和社区内部与同种动物合作竞争。雄性参与边界巡逻以保护自己的领土不受邻居的侵害（Goodall et al. 1979, Boesch & Boesch- achermann 2000, Watts & Mitani 2001）。不同社区的个体之间的互动通常是敌对的，在这种情况下，雄性有时会联合起来杀死其他个体（Wilson & Wrangham 2002）。在群体内，雄性黑猩猩通过梳理毛发、形成短期联盟和长期联盟进行合作（Simpson 1973, Nishida 1983, Nishida & Hosaka 1996, Watts 1998, Watts 2000b）。在联盟中，两个或两个以上的个体直接攻击他人，而联盟涉及动物之间持久的合作关系（de Waal & Harcourt 1992）。雄性黑猩猩也猎食脊椎动物猎物，并经常与同种黑猩猩分享肉这一稀缺而宝贵的资源（Boesch & Boesch 1989, Nishida et al. 1992, Mitani & Watts 2001）。黑猩猩合作行为的广度和多样性为研究成对个体之间给予和接受行为的互惠性提供了基础。在圈养环境下进行的研究表明，黑猩猩交换的商品既相似又不同（de Waal & Brosnan，本卷）。例如，在阿纳姆动物园和耶克斯灵长类动物中心，黑猩猩相互梳理毛发，并交换食物（de Waal 1989, 1997, Hemelrijk & Ek 1991）。直到最近，由于缺乏生活在自然环境和社会环境中的黑猩猩的可比数据，评估这些观察结果一直很困难
A central problem in the study of animal behavior concerns why individuals cooperate and exchange altruistic acts (Dugatkin 1997). Considerable theoretical attention has focused on explaining the evolution of cooperation and altruism in taxa as diverse as insects and primates (Hamilton 1964a, 1964b, Trivers 1971, Brown 1983). Empirically, cooperation among males generates substantial interest because the resource over which they primarily compete, females, is not easily divided and shared (Trivers 1972). Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) have played a significant role in discussions of cooperative behavior among males. Chimpanzees live in ‘unit groups’ or ‘communities’ whose membership is open due to female dispersal (Nishida 1968, Nishida & Kawanaka 1972, Pusey 1979, Goodall 1986, Boesch & Boesch-Achermann 2000). Philopatric male chimpanzees form strong social bonds and cooperate to compete with conspecifics between and within communities. Males engage in boundary patrols to defend their territories against neighbors (Goodall et al. 1979, Boesch & Boesch-Achermann 2000, Watts & Mitani 2001). Interactions between individuals of different communities are typically hostile, and during these males some times join forces to kill others (Wilson & Wrangham 2002). Within communities, male chimpanzees cooperate by grooming and by forming short-term coalitions and long-term alliances (Simpson 1973, Nishida 1983, Nishida & Hosaka 1996, Watts 1998, Watts 2000b). In coalitions, two or more individuals direct aggression toward others, while alliances involve enduring cooperative relationships between animals (de Waal & Harcourt 1992). Male chimpanzees also hunt vertebrate prey and frequently share meat, a scarce and valuable resource, with conspecifics (Boesch & Boesch 1989, Nishida et al. 1992, Mitani & Watts 2001).The extent and diversity of cooperative behavior displayed by chimpanzees provide the basis for investigating reciprocity in acts given and received between pairs of individuals. Studies conducted in captivity reveal that chimpanzees exchange commodities that are both similar and different in kind (de Waal & Brosnan, this volume). For example, chimpanzees groom each other reciprocally and exchange grooming for food at the Arnhem Zoo and Yerkes Primate Center, respectively (de Waal 1989, 1997, Hemelrijk & Ek 1991). Until recently, evaluating these observations has been difficult given the absence of comparable data from chimpanzees living in their natural environmental and social set-