Durian Floral Differentiation and Flowering Habit
Durian Floral Differentiation and Flowering Habit
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榴莲花的分化和开花习性
DOI：
10.21273/jashs.129.1.0042
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发表时间：
2004
影响因子：
1.9
通讯作者：
S. Subhadrabandhu
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
C. Honsho;K. Yonemori;A. Sugiura;S. Somsri;S. Subhadrabandhu
泰国尖竹汶府园艺研究中心对榴莲 (Durio zibethinus Murray) ‘Mon Thong’ 从发芽到开花的花芽分化和开花习性进行了调查。 11 月底，在上一年出现花簇的地方附近的初级或次生支架树枝上出现花蕾簇。解剖学观察表明，口腔器官的发育是顶向的；五个融合的副萼形成一个大的、细长的包膜，包围着萼片、花瓣、雄蕊和融合的多心皮雌蕊。花器官发育于一月初完成。成熟的花蕾在开花前一天的大小增加了一倍多，开花在 1600 HR 左右开始，大约 1900 HR 结束。直到开花结束，花药才裂开。这种变化诱导了该品种的异花性，通过降低自花授粉的可能性来促进异型杂交。开花期间会分泌芳香花蜜，吸引昆虫到花上。这是第一份阐明榴莲整体开花过程的报告，为今后研究阐明榴莲的生殖生物学提供了基础信息。榴莲 (Durio zibethinus Murray) 是东南亚最重要的水果之一，是木棉科 27 个品种之一（Kostermans，1958）。在榴莲属中，只有榴莲被广泛分布和种植；少数物种结出可食用的果实（Soegeng-Reksodihardjo，1962）。榴莲原产于马来西亚和婆罗洲，但其分布范围已从斯里兰卡传播到新几内亚，从夏威夷传播到澳大利亚北部（Yaccob 和 Subhadrabandhu，1995）。尽管这种水果有强烈的气味，但其风味已在世界各地获得广泛接受。近年来，泰国一直是榴莲的主要生产国，产量从 1987 年的 426,245 公吨增加到 1994 年的 780,393 公吨（Subhadrabandhu 和 Ketsa，2001 年）。榴莲具有不寻常的繁殖生物学，是一种花椰菜植物（Davis 和 Bhattacharya，1974），大多数花簇出现在初级或次级支架树枝上。这些花簇由 5 至 30 朵花组成，这些花是雌雄同体、夜间活动且气味强烈的（Davis 和 Bhattacharya，1974）。瓦尔马约尔等人。 （1965）观察到，菲律宾所有完全发育的花蕾约在 1700 小时时开放，除雌蕊外的所有花器官均在 2300 小时时脱落。大多数花在开花后脱落，导致坐果率低。有一些报道称，榴莲花的授粉是由蝙蝠在夜间介导的（Baker，1969；Soepadmo 和 Eow，1977；Subhadrabandhu 等人，1991），尽管花在开花期间会受到昆虫的拜访。该物种被认为是自交不亲和的（Somsri，1987；Subhadrabandhu 等，1991；Valmayor 等，1965），尽管 Subhadrabandhu 等。 （1991）指出，泰国种植单一品种的果园没有表现出坐果减少的迹象。榴莲缺乏花分化和开花的基本信息。因此，本研究利用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和立体显微镜，重点研究花器官从芽萌发到开花的发育过程，并研究榴莲花的开花过程，作为阐明其生殖生物学的第一步。
Flower bud differentiation and the fl owering habit of durian (Durio zibethinus Murray) 'Mon Thongʼ from budbreak to anthesis were investigated at the Chantaburi Horticultural Research Center in Thailand. Clusters of fl ower buds appeared at the end of November on primary or secondary scaffold branches near where a fl ower cluster occurred the previous year. Anatomical observations revealed that the development of fl oral organs was acropetal; the fi ve fused epicalyx forming a large, elongated envelope enclosing the sepals, petals, stamen and fused multi-carpellate pistil. Floral organ development was completed in early January. The mature fl ower bud more than doubled in size one day before anthesis, with anthesis starting around 1600 HR and ending ≈1900 HR. The anthers did not dehisce until the completion of fl owering. This change induced heterostyly in this cultivar, which promoted out-crossing by reduc- ing the possibility of self-pollination. Aromatic nectar that attracted insects to the fl ower was secreted during anthesis. This is the fi rst report to have clarifi ed the overall fl owering process in durian and provides the basic information for elucidating reproductive biology of durian in future research. Durian (Durio zibethinus Murray), one of the most impor- tant fruits in Southeast Asia, is one of 27 species in the family Bombacaceae (Kostermans, 1958). Within the genus Durio, only durian is widely distributed and cultivated; a few species bear edible fruit (Soegeng-Reksodihardjo, 1962). The durian is a native of Malaysia and Borneo, but its distribution has spread from Sri Lanka to New Guinea and from Hawaii to northern Australia (Yaccob and Subhadrabandhu, 1995). Although the fruit has a strong odor, its fl avor has gained wide acceptance in all parts of the world. In recent years, Thailand has been the major producer of durian, with yields increasing from 426,245 metric tons in 1987 to 780,393 metric tons in 1994 (Subhadrabandhu and Ketsa, 2001). Durian has an unusual reproductive biology, being a cauli- fl orous plant (Davis and Bhattacharya, 1974) with most fl ower clusters appearing on primary or secondary scaffold branches. The clusters consist of 5 to 30 fl owers that are hermaphroditic, nocturnal, and strongly odorous (Davis and Bhattacharya, 1974). Valmayor et al. (1965) observed that all fully developed buds in the Philippines opened ≈1700 HR and all fl ower organs except the pistil abscised by 2300 HR. Most fl owers abscised after anthesis, resulting in low fruit set. There are several reports that pollination of durian fl ower is mediated by bats at night (Baker, 1969; Soepadmo and Eow, 1977; Subhadrabandhu et al., 1991), though fl owers are visited by insects during anthesis. The species is thought to be self-incom- patible (Somsri, 1987; Subhadrabandhu et al., 1991; Valmayor et al., 1965), although Subhadrabandhu et al. (1991) stated that orchards planted with a single cultivar in Thailand show no signs of reduced fruit set. Basic information on fl oral differentiation and anthesis is lacking in durian. Therefore, this study focused on the development of fl oral organs from bud emergence to anthesis using the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and stereomicroscope, and investigated the fl owering process of durian fl ower as the fi rst step for elucidating their reproductive biology.