A SUMMARY OF DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE OBLIGATE CAVE-INHABITING FAUNAS OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA
A SUMMARY OF DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE OBLIGATE CAVE-INHABITING FAUNAS OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA
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美国和加拿大天然洞穴动物群多样性和分布概要
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发表时间：
1998
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通讯作者：
S. Peck
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作者：
S. Peck
摘要给出的科，属，种的数量，和国家的专性地下（洞穴和地下水）动物群的毗邻美国和加拿大的分布。目前已知的水生物种有425种，陆生物种有928种（共1353种）。总属级多样性最大（按降序排列）在得克萨斯州、亚拉巴马州、肯塔基州、田纳西州和弗吉尼亚州。这种属和物种的丰富性容易受到各种土地使用和污染问题的影响。尼古拉斯（1960年）提供了美国专性地下动物群（穴居动物和stygobites）的最后一个完整列表。当时已知的物种和亚种共有334个。从那时起，有很多额外的实地工作和分类研究美国洞穴动物群。许多分类学论文和国家名录已经出版，但它们太多了，无法在这里列出。自尼古拉斯以来，还没有编制过全国性的物种级别名单。作为实现这一目标的一个步骤，我编制了一份摘要清单。这给出了专性地下动物群在属水平上的分类学分类，以及属中已知的这些物种的总数，以及已知它们出现的州或省。我相信这份摘要清单是一个有用的指标，地下动物群的丰富性和他们的一般分布地区。关于该动物群的起源和生态学的综述见巴尔（1967，1968）、巴尔、卡尔弗和凯恩（1995）、巴尔和霍尔辛格（1985）、卡尔弗（1982）、霍尔辛格（1988）和豪沃思（1983）。在本文中，我不试图分析不同状态的原因。方法我从巴尔等人（1995）的不完整列表开始，并努力改进它，然后我请不同的分类学专家修改我的初步总结列表。试图排除明显的troglophiles（物种可能只知道从洞穴，但没有表现出形态学的洞穴生活的专业化）。穴居动物（在陆地栖息地）和stygobites（在水生栖息地）在生态上仅限于洞穴和地下水，并且通常有很长的进化专门化到这些地下栖息地的历史。这些动物通常有明显的洞穴相关的身体特征（troglomorphies）和不太明显的生理或行为专业化，这限制了他们只能生活在预先存在的地下空间和洞穴。这些穴居动物和stygobites是生态和进化最有趣的动物在洞穴和地下水。动物群在这里被分为陆生或水生栖息地，因为这两种环境具有完全不同的动物群和环境特征。结果
A summary is given of families, genera, species numbers, and state distributions of the obligate subterranean (cave and groundwater) faunas of the contiguous United States and Canada. A total of 425 aquatic and 928 terrestrial species (1353 species in all) is now known. Total genus level diversity is greatest (in descending order) in the states of Texas, Alabama, Kentucky, Tennessee and Virginia. This genus and species richness is vulnerable to a variety of land use and pollution problems. Nicholas (1960) provided the last complete list of the obligate subterranean fauna (troglobites and stygobites) of the United States. A total of 334 species and subspecies were then known. Since then, there has been much additional field work and taxonomic study on the U.S. cave fauna. Many taxonomic papers and state lists have been published, but they are too numerous to list here. No nationwide species-level list has been compiled since that of Nicholas. As a step towards this goal, I have compiled a summary list. This gives the taxonomic classification of obligate subterranean faunas to the genus level, and a numerical total of such species known in the genus, and the states or provinces in which they are known to occur. I believe this summary list to be a useful indicator of richness of subterranean faunas and their general areas of distribution. Reviews about the origin and ecology of this fauna are in Barr (1967, 1968), Barr, Culver and Kane (1995), Barr and Holsinger (1985), Culver (1982), Holsinger (1988) and Howarth (1983). In this paper I do not attempt to analyze the causes of the different state diversities. METHODS I started with the incomplete list in Barr et al. (1995) and worked to improve it. I then asked various taxonomic specialists to correct my preliminary summary lists. An attempt was made to exclude obvious troglophiles (species which may be known only from caves, but which show no morphological specializations for cave life). Troglobites (in terrestrial habitats) and stygobites (in aquatic habitats) are ecologically restricted to caves and subterranean groundwaters, and have usually had a long history of evolutionary specialization to these underground habitats. These animals usually have visibly distinctive cave-related body features (troglomorphies) and less evident physiological or behavioral specializations which restrict them to living only in pre-existing subterranean spaces and caves. These troglobites and stygobites are ecologically and evolutionarily the most interesting animals in caves and groundwaters. The faunas are here separated as terrestrial or aquatic in habitat because these two environments have entirely different faunas and environmental characteristics. RESULTS