References and Notes Materials and Methods Figs. S1 to S4 Tables S1 and S2 References Sequence-directed Dna Translocation by Purified Ftsk-猫眼课题宝

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J. A. H. S. Mokdad;D. F. Marks;J. L. Stroup;J A Levine;N. L. Eberhardt;Jensen;P. A. Baukol;K. R. Westerterp;Med Sci;E. Melanson;J. O. Hill;J. O. Hill;J. Nygren;K. Short;K. S. Nair;J. Appl;K Kiwaki;C. M. Kotz;C. Wang;L. Lanningham-Foster;J. A. Levine;J O Hill;H. R. Wyatt;G. Reed;J. C. Peters;P. Pease;O. Levy;G. Cost;J. Gore;J. Ptacin;N. Cozzarelli

肥胖的生物学以及如何最好地治疗它。肥胖者比苗条的人更喜欢坐着的倾向有几个潜在的解释。啮齿类动物的研究支持这一概念，即有中枢和体液中介作用于NEAT(10，11)。例如，我们已经证明，当向下丘脑室旁核(PVN)注射时，一种与觉醒相关的神经肽--食欲素(12)--会在大鼠体内增加整齐。初步数据表明，PVN注射增食欲素也引起大鼠站立姿势分配的剂量依赖性增加(13)。因此，可能有中枢和体液调节因子驱动肥胖个体的久坐行为。脂肪质量和运动之间的负关系(图1B)提出了一种有趣的可能性，即身体脂肪释放出一种因素，减缓肥胖者的体力活动。然而，这些数据也表明，姿势分配并不是用短期超量喂养来调制整洁的机制。一种假设是，这是通过调节能源效率而发生的；这是一个值得未来研究的领域。这些数据也可能对肥胖干预产生影响。有人可能会争辩说，肥胖的人有生物学上决定的姿势分配，因此注定会变得肥胖。如果这是真的，肥胖症在50年前就会像今天一样普遍。然而，肥胖率已经上升，而且还在继续上升(14)。我们推测，肥胖和苗条的个体对促进久坐行为的环境线索的反应是不同的。如果肥胖志愿者采用瘦身志愿者的整洁增强行为，他们每天可以额外消耗350千卡。在一年内，如果能量摄入保持不变，仅此一项就可以导致体重减轻15公斤。这就是在全国范围内以小幅度推广整洁的理由(15)。例如，在明尼苏达州的罗切斯特，1920年，在开车之前，上下班平均步行1.6英里(16英里)。如果我们的肥胖受试者重新开始步行这么远的路程去上班，他们现在都是开车去上班，每天可能会额外消耗150千卡的热量。我们将需要使用类似的措施来促进整洁，以创造一个活跃和充满活力的环境，在这种环境中，舞蹈取代电视成为一种休闲活动。成功地让人们从椅子上站起来并搬家的方法可能会对肥胖症的流行产生重大影响。脱氧核糖核酸转位酶是…

the biology of obesity and how best to treat it. The propensity of obese persons to sit more than lean individuals has several potential explanations. Rodent studies support the concept that there are central and humoral mediators of NEAT (10, 11). For example, we have shown that a neuropeptide associated with arousal, orexin (12), increases NEAT in rats when injected into the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus. Preliminary data suggest that PVN injections of orexin also cause dose-dependent increases in standing posture allocation in rats (13). Thus, there may be central and humoral mediators that drive the sedentary behavior of obese individuals. The negative relationship between fat mass and movement (Fig. 1B) raises the intriguing possibility that body fat releases a factor that slows physical activity in obesity. However, these data also demonstrate that posture allocation is not the mechanism by which NEAT is modulated with short-term over-feeding. One hypothesis is that this occurs through modulation of energy efficiency; this is an area worthy of future investigation. These data may also have implications for obesity intervention. One could argue that obese individuals have a biologically determined posture allocation and therefore are destined to become obese. If this were true, obesity would have been as common 50 years ago as it is today. However, obesity rates have increased and continue to do so (14). We speculate that obese and lean individuals respond differently to the environmental cues that promote sedentary behavior. If the obese volunteers adopted the NEAT-enhanced behavior of their lean counterparts, they could expend an additional 350 kcal per day. Over a year, this alone could result in a weight loss of È15 kg, if energy intake remained unchanged. Herein lies the rationale behind nationwide approaches to promote NEAT in small increments (15). For example, in Rochester, Minnesota, in 1920 before car use was commonplace the average walk to and from work was 1.6 miles (16). If walking this distance to work were reinstituted by our obese subjects, all of whom currently drive to work, an extra 150 kcal per day could be expended. We will need to use similar measures to promote NEAT as an impetus to create an active and dynamic environment in which, for example, dancing supersedes television as a leisure activity. Approaches that succeed in getting people out of their chairs and moving could have substantial impact on the obesity epidemic. DNA translocases are …

References and Notes Materials and Methods Figs. S1 to S4 Tables S1 and S2 References Sequence-directed Dna Translocation by Purified Ftsk

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