Physical versus psychological social stress in male rats reveals distinct cardiovascular, inflammatory and behavioral consequences.
Physical versus psychological social stress in male rats reveals distinct cardiovascular, inflammatory and behavioral consequences.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pone.0172868
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发表时间：
2017
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Wood SK
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Finnell JE;Lombard CM;Padi AR;Moffitt CM;Wilson LB;Wood CS;Wood SK
反复暴露于社会压力下会加速包括抑郁症和共病心血管疾病在内的社会心理障碍的发展。虽然社会压力的一个主要组成部分往往包括身体的相互作用，纯粹的心理压力（即目睹创伤事件）也属于社会压力的范围。目前的研究确定了急性应激反应和对应激相关后果的敏感性是否不同，这取决于应激源是否由身体压力和纯粹的心理社会压力组成。使用修改后的居民入侵者的范例，雄性大鼠直接暴露于反复的社会失败的压力（入侵者）或目睹了雄性大鼠被击败。比较了入侵者、目击者和对照大鼠的心血管参数、行为快感缺乏和血浆及应激敏感蓝斑中的炎性细胞因子。令人惊讶的是，入侵者和目击者在急性和反复应激暴露期间表现出几乎相同的平均动脉压和心率增加，但只有入侵者表现出应激诱导的心律失常。此外，在没有居民的情况下重新暴露于压力环境中产生了强大的升压和心动过速反应，在这两种压力条件下，表明社会压力的强大和持久的性质。相反，这些压力源的长期后果是不同的。入侵者的特点是血浆中的炎症敏感性增强，而证人的特点是出现抑郁样快感缺乏，短暂增加收缩压和金属蛋白酶的组织抑制剂的血浆水平。目前的研究强调，虽然急性心血管反应的压力是相同的入侵者和证人之间，这些压力源产生的持久后果的压力的明显差异，这表明证人的压力可能更容易产生长期的心血管功能障碍和共病的行为快感缺失，而暴露于身体的压力可能会偏向系统对炎症性疾病的敏感性。
Repeated exposure to social stress can precipitate the development of psychosocial disorders including depression and comorbid cardiovascular disease. While a major component of social stress often encompasses physical interactions, purely psychological stressors (i.e. witnessing a traumatic event) also fall under the scope of social stress. The current study determined whether the acute stress response and susceptibility to stress-related consequences differed based on whether the stressor consisted of physical versus purely psychological social stress. Using a modified resident-intruder paradigm, male rats were either directly exposed to repeated social defeat stress (intruder) or witnessed a male rat being defeated. Cardiovascular parameters, behavioral anhedonia, and inflammatory cytokines in plasma and the stress-sensitive locus coeruleus were compared between intruder, witness, and control rats. Surprisingly intruders and witnesses exhibited nearly identical increases in mean arterial pressure and heart rate during acute and repeated stress exposures, yet only intruders exhibited stress-induced arrhythmias. Furthermore, re-exposure to the stress environment in the absence of the resident produced robust pressor and tachycardic responses in both stress conditions indicating the robust and enduring nature of social stress. In contrast, the long-term consequences of these stressors were distinct. Intruders were characterized by enhanced inflammatory sensitivity in plasma, while witnesses were characterized by the emergence of depressive-like anhedonia, transient increases in systolic blood pressure and plasma levels of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase. The current study highlights that while the acute cardiovascular responses to stress were identical between intruders and witnesses, these stressors produced distinct differences in the enduring consequences to stress, suggesting that witness stress may be more likely to produce long-term cardiovascular dysfunction and comorbid behavioral anhedonia while exposure to physical stressors may bias the system towards sensitivity to inflammatory disorders.