Brazilian Páramos. I. An introduction to the physical environment and vegetation of the campos de altitude
Brazilian Páramos. I. An introduction to the physical environment and vegetation of the campos de altitude
复制标题
巴西帕拉莫斯 I. 高原营地的自然环境和植被介绍
DOI：
10.1046/j.1365-2699.1999.00313.x
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发表时间：
1999
影响因子：
3.9
通讯作者：
H. Safford
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
H. Safford
总结
目的高原是一系列凉爽潮湿，以草为主的地层，仅限于巴西高地东南部的最高峰。相对而言，人们对这个山顶形成的群岛的生态学、地理学或发展历史知之甚少。这一贡献提出了一个概述，我们目前的知识状态，相对于过去和现在的物理环境和植被的高原。其目的是（1）向国际观众介绍这些小型但重要的生态系统的自然历史，（2）为即将发表的一系列论文提供背景，这些论文将处理高原生态学，并探索这些“巴西帕拉莫斯”与赤道南美洲和中美洲高山的类似构造之间的物理和生物关系。
位置从海拔1800-2000米开始，campos de altitude位于巴西高原东南部主要山脉的最高峰上，位于圣卡塔里纳和米纳斯吉拉斯/圣埃斯皮里托州之间。
方法利用原始数据和以前发表的结果，这篇文章回顾了我们目前所知道的关于高原的物理环境和植被，在地理环境，地质学，古气候学和古植物学，现代气候，现代植被和保护的背景下。
结果和主要结论巴西东南部的Urestrial范围的海拔足够高，以支持地形草原可能早在中晚第三纪发生;花粉记录显示，坎波斯德海拔已经存在于东南部的首脑会议，至少自晚更新世。现今的高原气候凉爽湿润，但降雨、温度和霜冻模式具有明显的季节性。虽然高原地区的植物群高度多样，具有高度的地方性，但高原地区与安第斯山脉和中美洲科迪勒拉山脉的赤道高山形成保持着强烈的植物群相似性;这些相似性也延伸到气候，土壤和植被地貌。人为火灾和放牧在高原地区很普遍，可能对植被群落的现代结构有重大贡献。
Summary
Aim The campos de altitude are a series of cool-humid, grass-dominated formations restricted to the highest summits of the southeastern Brazilian Highlands. Relatively little is known of the ecology, biogeography, or developmental history of this archipelago of mountaintop formations. This contribution presents an overview of our present state of knowledge with respect to the past and present physical environment and vegetation of the campos de altitude. The aim is (1) to introduce an international audience to the natural history of these diminutive yet important ecosystems, and (2) to provide the background for a series of forthcoming contributions that will treat the ecology of the campos de altitude and explore physical and biotic relationships between these ‘Brazilian paramos’ and similar formations in the high mountains of equatorial South and Central America.
Location Beginning at altitudes of 1800–2000 m, the campos de altitude are found atop the highest summits of the main ranges of the southeastern Brazilian Highlands, between the states of Santa Catarina and Minas Gerais/Espirito Santo.
Methods Drawing upon both original data and previously published results, this contribution reviews what we presently know about the physical environment and vegetation of the campos de altitude, in the context of geographic setting, geology, palaeoclimatology and palaeobotany, modern climate, modern vegetation, and conservation.
Results and main conclusions Uplift of the southeastern Brazilian ranges to altitudes high enough to support orographic grasslands may have occurred as early as the middle- to late-Tertiary; pollen records show that campos de altitude have been extant on southeastern summits at least since the Late Pleistocene. The present-day climate of the campos de altitude is cool and (per)humid, but patterns of rainfall, temperature, and frost are distinctly seasonal. Although the flora of the campos de altitude is highly diverse and characterized by a high degree of endemism, the campos de altitude maintain strong floristic similarities to equatorial alpine formations of the Andean and Central American Cordillera; these similarities also extend to climate, soils, and vegetation physiognomy. Anthropogenic fires and grazing are widespread in the campos de altitude and probably contribute significantly to the modern structure of vegetation communities.