THE ECOLOGY OF GANG TERRITORIAL BOUNDARIES
THE ECOLOGY OF GANG TERRITORIAL BOUNDARIES
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1745-9125.2012.00281.x
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发表时间：
2012-08-01
期刊：
影响因子：
5.8
通讯作者：
Reid, Shannon E.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Brantingham, P. Jeffrey;Tita, George E.;Reid, Shannon E.
在任何类型的系统中，系统中的参与者不可避免地会争夺资源。竞争带来了冲突的可能性。为了尽量减少这种影响，参与者通常会将系统划分为地理区域。我们是在竞争和冲突的大生态背景下考察城市街头帮派的地盘形成的。虽然以前的研究已经调查了帮派形成的社会和建筑环境，以及帮派的存在如何影响当地的暴力程度，但我们对竞争互动如何与帮派领土的形成和维持联系在一起知之甚少。我们使用正式的空间LotkaVolterra竞争模型来推导关于竞争驱动的领土形成的假设。通过使用563起帮派间枪击事件的数据，涉及洛杉矶Hollenbeck警察局的13个敌对街头帮派，我们表明，暴力以一种理论定量预测的方式，强烈地聚集在帮派之间的边界上。结果表明，即使是帮派之间微弱的竞争相互作用也足以推动帮派领土的形成，而无需求助于其他过程或假设。
Within any type of system, the actors in the system inevitably compete over resources. With competition comes the possibility of conflict. To minimize such effects, actors often will partition the system into geographic territories. It is against the larger ecological backdrop of competition and conflict that we examine territory formation among urban street gangs. Although previous studies have examined the social and built environment where gangs form, and how the presence of a gang influences local levels of violence, we know little about how competitive interactions are tied to the formation and maintenance of gang territories. We use formal spatial LotkaVolterra competition models to derive hypotheses about competition-driven territory formation. By using data on 563 between-gang shootings, involving 13 rival street gangs in the Hollenbeck Policing Division of Los Angeles, we show that violence strongly clusters along the boundaries between gangs in a way that is quantitatively predicted by the theory. The results suggest that even weak competitive interactions between gangs are sufficient to drive gang territory formation without recourse to other processes or assumptions.