Meeting the demand for crop production: the challenge of yield decline in crops grown in short rotations
Meeting the demand for crop production: the challenge of yield decline in crops grown in short rotations
复制标题
DOI：
10.1111/j.1469-185x.2011.00184.x
复制
发表时间：
2012-02-01
影响因子：
10
通讯作者：
Mills, Peter
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bennett, Amanda J.;Bending, Gary D.;Mills, Peter
在世界范围内，种植作物的趋势是短轮作或单一种植，特别是在传统农业中。由于一系列因素，包括经济市场趋势、技术进步、政府激励以及零售商和消费者的需求，这种做法正变得更加普遍。未来必须进一步增加土地利用强度，以满足种植农作物对生物能源和粮食生产的需求，而长期轮作可能被认为是不可行或不现实的。然而，有证据表明，与长轮作或首次种植的作物相比，短轮作或单一种植的作物往往产量下降。许多因素被认为是导致产量下降的原因，包括生物因素，如植物病原体、有害根际微生物、作为病原体的菌根、作物的化感作用或自毒作用，以及非生物因素，如土地管理措施和养分供应。在许多情况下，土壤微生物直接或间接地与产量下降有关。尽管个别因素在某些情况下可能是导致收益率下降的原因，但更有可能是多种因素相互作用导致了问题。然而，由于种植制度的复杂性及其内部发生的许多相互作用，在田间研究中往往缺乏确认这些不同因素的确切作用的证据。尽管人们对产量下降现象有长期的了解，但除了恢复更长的作物轮作或中断作物外，几乎没有什么工具来抵消这种现象。事实证明，双熟或间作、耕作和有机改良剂等替代种植和管理做法对于克服作物短轮作时产生的一些负面影响很有价值。植物育种仍然很重要，尽管这确实需要确定一个具体的育种目标。这篇综述指出了我们在理解产量下降方面的差距，特别是在农业生态系统不同组成部分之间发生的复杂相互作用方面，这很可能影响21世纪的粮食安全。
There is a trend world-wide to grow crops in short rotation or in monoculture, particularly in conventional agriculture. This practice is becoming more prevalent due to a range of factors including economic market trends, technological advances, government incentives, and retailer and consumer demands. Land-use intensity will have to increase further in future in order to meet the demands of growing crops for both bioenergy and food production, and long rotations may not be considered viable or practical. However, evidence indicates that crops grown in short rotations or monoculture often suffer from yield decline compared to those grown in longer rotations or for the first time. Numerous factors have been hypothesised as contributing to yield decline, including biotic factors such as plant pathogens, deleterious rhizosphere microorganisms, mycorrhizas acting as pathogens, and allelopathy or autotoxicity of the crop, as well as abiotic factors such as land management practices and nutrient availability. In many cases, soil microorganisms have been implicated either directly or indirectly in yield decline. Although individual factors may be responsible for yield decline in some cases, it is more likely that combinations of factors interact to cause the problem. However, evidence confirming the precise role of these various factors is often lacking in field studies due to the complex nature of cropping systems and the numerous interactions that take place within them. Despite long-term knowledge of the yield-decline phenomenon, there are few tools to counteract it apart from reverting to longer crop rotations or break crops. Alternative cropping and management practices such as double-cropping or inter-cropping, tillage and organic amendments may prove valuable for combating some of the negative effects seen when crops are grown in short rotation. Plant breeding continues to be important, although this does require a specific breeding target to be identified. This review identifies gaps in our understanding of yield decline, particularly with respect to the complex interactions occurring between the different components of agro-ecosystems, which may well influence food security in the 21st Century.