Real-Time Assessment of Black Carbon Pollution in Indian Households Due to Traditional and Improved Biomass Cookstoves
Real-Time Assessment of Black Carbon Pollution in Indian Households Due to Traditional and Improved Biomass Cookstoves
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DOI：
10.1021/es203388g
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发表时间：
2012-03-06
影响因子：
11.4
通讯作者：
Ramanathan, Veerabhadran
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Kar, Abhishek;Rehman, Ibrahim H.;Ramanathan, Veerabhadran
使用改进的(生物质)炉灶(IC)已被广泛建议作为一种缓解黑碳(BC)的措施，具有显著的气候和健康效益。ICS包含一系列技术，包括自然通风(ND)炉灶和强制通风(FD)炉灶，前者的特点是对结构进行改进以增强空气流动，后者另外使用外部风扇将空气强制进入燃烧室。在这里，我们展示了在Surya计划下，五个商业IC和一个传统(泥浆)炉灶的第一次实时现场黑碳(BC)浓度测量，以供比较。这些实验揭示了关于被测试炉具的四个重要发现。首先，FD炉灶作为先进的IC技术脱颖而出，将羽流区域的BC浓度降低了4倍(与ND的1.5倍相比)。室内烹调时间的BC浓度由传统泥炉的50-1000微克米(-3)降低到5-100微克米(-3)，通过性能最好的FD炉具。其次，同一技术类别的IC型号的BC降幅差异很大：例如，一些ND型号偶尔会比传统炉具排放更多的BC。在ND级中，只有微气化炉才能有效地降低BC。第三，即使在标准化设置中，相同炉子的重复烹饪循环中BC浓度也有很大变化(标准偏差高达平均浓度的50%)，突出了炉子性能的内在不确定性。第四，混合燃料的使用(反映了当地的做法)增加了烟羽区域BC浓度(与硬木相比)，增加了IC的2到3倍。
Use of improved (biomass) cookstoves (ICs) has been widely proposed as a Black Carbon (BC) mitigation measure with significant climate and health benefits. ICs encompass a range of technologies, including natural draft (ND) stoves, which feature structural modifications to enhance air flow, and forced draft (FD) stoves, which additionally employ an external fan to force air into the combustion chamber. We present here, under Project Surya, the first real-time in situ Black Carbon (BC) concentration measurements from five commercial ICs and a traditional (mud) cookstove for comparison. These experiments reveal four significant findings about the tested stoves. First, FD stoves emerge as the superior IC technology, reducing plume zone BC concentration by a factor of 4 (compared to 1.5 for ND). Indoor cooking-time BC concentrations, which varied from 50 to 1000 mu g m(-3) for the traditional mud cookstove, were reduced to 5-100 mu g m(-3) by the top-performing FD stove. Second, BC reductions from IC models in the same technology category vary significantly: for example, some ND models occasionally emit more BC than a traditional cookstove. Within the ND class, only microgasification stoves were effective in reducing BC. Third, BC concentration varies significantly for repeated cooking cycles with same stove (standard deviation up to 50% of mean concentration) even in a standardized setup, highlighting inherent uncertainties in cookstove performance. Fourth, use of mixed fuel (reflective of local practices) increases plume zone BC concentration (compared to hardwood) by a factor of 2 to 3 across ICs.