Classical conditioning and the placebo effect
Classical conditioning and the placebo effect
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DOI：
10.1016/s0304-3959(97)00016-x
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发表时间：
1997-08-01
期刊：
影响因子：
7.4
通讯作者：
Kirsch, I
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Montgomery, GH;Kirsch, I
刺激替代模型假定，安慰剂反应是条件刺激和无条件刺激组合的结果。预期理论认为，条件性试验产生的是安慰剂反应预期，而不是安慰剂反应，预期引发了反应。我们通过在条件化试验期间向一些参与者提供旨在阻止安慰剂预期形成的信息以及通过评估安慰剂预期来测试这些相反的模型。尽管条件性试验显著增强了安慰剂的反应，但通过将期望值添加到回归方程中，这种影响被消除了，这表明配对试验对安慰剂反应的影响完全由期望来调节。口头信息逆转了条件试验对安慰剂预期和安慰剂反应的影响，在10次消退试验中，安慰剂效应的幅度显著增加。这些数据否定了刺激替代的解释，并为这些方法产生的条件性安慰剂增强的预期解释提供了强有力的支持。(C)1997年国际疼痛研究协会。爱思唯尔科学公司出版。
Stimulus substitution models posit that placebo responses are due to pairings of conditional and unconditional stimuli. Expectancy theory maintains that conditioning trials produce placebo response expectancies, rather than placebo responses, and that the expectancies elicit the responses. We tested these opposing models by providing some participants with information intended to impede the formation of placebo expectancies during conditioning trials and by assessing placebo expectancies. Although conditioning trials significantly enhanced placebo responding, this effect was eliminated by adding expectancies to the regression equation, indicating that the effect of pairing trials on placebo response was mediated completely by expectancy. Verbal information reversed the effect of conditioning trials on both placebo expectancies and placebo responses, and the magnitude of the placebo effect increased significantly over 10 extinction trials. These data disconfirm a stimulus substitution explanation and provide strong support for an expectancy interpretation of the conditioned placebo enhancement produced by these methods. (C) 1997 International Association for the Study of Pain. Published by Elsevier Science B.V.