Synthetic retinals: convenient probes of rhodopsin and visual transduction process.
Synthetic retinals: convenient probes of rhodopsin and visual transduction process.
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合成视网膜：视紫红质和视觉转导过程的便捷探针。
DOI：
10.1016/s0076-6879(00)15846-x
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发表时间：
2000
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Crouch,RK
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Lou,J;Tan,Q;Karnaukhova,E;Berova,N;Nakanishi,K;Crouch,RK
所有的视色素蛋白都是完整的膜蛋白，跨膜七次，大部分蛋白质由膜内的疏水氨基酸组成。这使得这些蛋白质很难用许多标准的生物物理技术进行研究。然而，这些opsins中的每一个都有一个发色团，通常是11顺式视网膜或几个密切相关的结构之一，通过质子化的Schiff碱键连接到蛋白质上。连接部位在第七螺旋中心的赖氨酸上。在体外，在羟胺存在的情况下，将这些蛋白质暴露在光线下会导致视网膜完全脱离，用1%的牛血清白蛋白清洗膜可以去除所有残留的视网膜。这会产生视蛋白载脂蛋白，它可以在黑暗中加入11-顺式视网膜时改变视紫红质。这为检查视紫红质的结构和功能提供了最方便的工具，因为蛋白质还被发现容纳各种视网膜异构体和类似物，形成色素或复合体，然后可以测试其功能和物理性质。已经合成了大量的视网膜，并用来自不同物种的视蛋白进行了测试(见最近的综述1)。大多数这些实验都是在体外进行的，尽管有少数研究表明，视网膜类似物可以成功地整合到一些物种中，包括缺乏维生素A的大鼠。2由于在获得合理数量的蛋白质方面存在问题，迄今为止关于锥体视蛋白的研究工作很少。然而，随着表达系统的改进和纯化技术的发展，现在也开始了对视锥蛋白的研究。有趣的是，迄今为止利用视网膜类似物对分离的视杆和视锥感光器进行的生理记录表明，这些视蛋白与其发色团的相互作用存在显著差异。3最近已经开始了研究
All the visual pigment proteins are integral membrane proteins, crossing the membrane seven times with the majority of the protein being composed of hydrophobic amino acids within the membrane. This has made these proteins difficult to study by many standard biophysical techniques. However, each of these opsins has a chromophore, generally ll-cis-retinal or one of a few closely related structures, that is attached to the protein via a protonated Schiff base linkage. The site of attachment is at a lysine in the center of the seventh helix. In vitro, exposure of these proteins to light in the presence of hydroxylamine results in the complete detachment of the retinal, and washing the membranes with bovine serum albumin (1%) removes any residual retinal. This generates the opsin apoprotein, which can reform rhodopsin on the addition of ll-cis-retinal in the dark. This provides a most convenient tool for the examination of rhodopsin structure and function as the protein has also been found to accommodate various retinal isomers and analogs, forming pigments or complexes which can then be tested for functionality and physical properties. A large number of retinals have been synthesized and tested with opsins from various species (see a recent review1). Most of these experiments have been carried out in vitro although a few studies have shown that retinal analogs can be successfully incorporated into some species including vitamin A-deficient rats. 2 Very little work to date has been conducted on the cone opsins due to problems in obtaining reasonable quantities of the proteins. However, with the development of both improved expression systems and purification techniques, these studies are now being initiated on the cone opsins as well. Interestingly, the physiologic recordings conducted to date on isolated rod and cone photoreceptors utilizing retinal analogs indicate that there are some significant differences in the interactions of these respective opsins with their chromophores. 3 Recently studies have been initiated
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含有 6 至 9 元环的视紫红质。
影响因子：
1.8
作者：
K. Nakanishi;Arh;F. Derguini;P. Franklin,;Shuanghua Hu;Jun Wang
通讯作者：
Jun Wang
影响因子：
1.7
作者：
H. Kakitani;T. Kakitani;S. Yomosa
通讯作者：
S. Yomosa
11-顺式视黄醛，一种特别适合视觉的分子
影响因子：
1.8
作者：
K. Nakanishi
通讯作者：
K. Nakanishi
使用双环视网膜类似物对视紫红质发色团进行构象分析
DOI：
--
发表时间：
1992
期刊：
影响因子：
--
作者：
Masayoshi Ito;Y. Katsuta;Y. Imamoto;Y. Shichida;T. Yoshizawa
通讯作者：
T. Yoshizawa
视紫红质的超快光谱——最佳光化学！
DOI：
--
发表时间：
1995
期刊：
影响因子：
--
作者：
G. Kochendoerfer;R. Mathies
通讯作者：
R. Mathies