The participation of the poor in supermarkets and other distribution value chains : draft synthesis. Working paper-猫眼课题宝

穷人参与超市和其他分销价值链：综合草案。

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发表时间：

2005

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作者：

P. Moustier;H. An;Vu Trong Binh;M. Figuié;Dao Duc Huan;L. T. Loan;N. Lộc;Ho Thanh Son;P. Tam;Nguyen Duc Truyen

这项研究评估了穷人更多地参与由超市和其他增值渠道推动的食品价值链的条件。通过收集二次数据，分析了不同分销链的趋势。对河内、胡志明市和墨洲的贫困消费者获得不同零售点的情况进行了调查，并对这些城市不同零售点之间的价格进行了比较。四个案例研究调查了贫困农民和贸易商参与分销价值链的情况：(I)来自Soc Son区和Moc Chau区的河内蔬菜；(Ii)来自胡志明市的胡志明市蔬菜；(Ii)来自胡志明市的蔬菜；(Ii)来自胡志明市的蔬菜；(Ii)来自胡志明市的蔬菜；(Iii)来自南定省海口区的荔枝；(Iii)来自北江省的Dc Trong和Don Duong区的荔枝。对产业链沿线的利益攸关方进行了深入访谈，并对贸易商进行了普查，调查了将穷人与市场联系起来的横向和纵向协调模式；产业链上农民和贸易商之间的成本和收益分配；供应不同类型的销售点所涉及的各自优势和缺点；不同产业链的就业影响。考虑到销售数量、销售面积以及就业情况，市场和街头小贩仍然是食品分销的主要参与者。然而，超市正在迅速发展，因为政府对它们持积极态度，尤其是出于食品安全和现代化的原因，而不是对街头小贩和非正式市场持负面态度。然而，按业务量计算，街头小贩和市场创造的就业机会比超市多，尤其是对穷人来说。它们也是贫困消费者的主要销售点，由于价格和距离的限制，他们很少在超市购物。然而，如果超市的价格下降，这种情况可能会改变，这已经从胡志明市超市与河内相比更频繁的情况中得到了反映。由于在安全(蔬菜)、数量和交付条件(所有产品)方面的要求，贫困农民无法直接进入超市。然而，贫穷的农民可以通过属于农民协会(或与农民协会签订合同)供应超市，成为超市的间接供应商。10个农民协会以股份商业组织的形式工作，是所选产品的超市的定期供应商。有些是贫困农民的成员，例如胡志明市郊区的一个蔬菜合作社和海口的风味大米协会。它们向其成员提供超市的能力与它们向其成员提供的各种职能的组合有关：技术培训(例如，关于安全蔬菜生产)、投入品供应、集体营销、质量控制、信贷供应，为此它们得到了公众和非政府组织的支持。与传统连锁店相比，通过农民协会的超市供应通常会增加农民的收入，但差异很大：小番茄连锁店没有差异，荔枝和大米连锁店增加了42%，Soc Son蔬菜农民增加了25%，胡志明市郊区的水卷叶增加了400%。超市的供应大多受到农民的重视，因为超市的价格和购买数量比传统连锁店更稳定，但据报道，随着超市竞争的加剧，这种情况发生了变化。商店是另一种渠道，农民协会受益于与限制要求较少的超市相同的优势。通过培训和信贷方案促进农民协会参与质量发展和控制，小规模供应商可以获得更多附加值。针对以下目标的建议

The study assesses conditions for an increased involvement of the poor in the food value chains driven by supermarkets and other value-adding outlets. The trends of the different distribution chains were analysed through the gathering of secondary data. Surveys on poor consumers' access to different retailing points were made in Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City and Moc Chau, as well as comparison of prices between the different points of sale in these cities. Four case studies investigated poor farmers' and traders' participation in distribution value chains: (i) vegetables for Hanoi from Soc Son district and Moc Chau district, (ii) vegetables for Ho Chi Minh City from the peri-urban area of Cu Chi district, HCMC and from Duc Trong and Don Duong districts in Lam Dong Province; (iii) litchi from Yen the district in Bac Giang province; (iii) flavoured rice from Hai hau district in Nam Dinh province. In-depth interviews of stakeholders along the chains, as well as census of traders, investigated the patterns of horizontal and vertical coordination that link the poor to the markets; the distribution of costs and benefits between the farmers and the traders along the chains; the respective advantages and drawbacks involved in supplying different types of outlets; the employment impact of the different chains. Markets and street vendors are still the major players in food distribution, when considering quantities sold, areas of sale, as well as employment. Yet supermarkets are growing fast all the more since the government has a positive attitude towards them, in particular for reasons of food safety and modernisation, in opposition to a negative attitude towards street vending and informal markets. Yet street vending and markets generate more employment by volume of business than supermarkets, especially for the poor. They are also the main points of sale for the poor consumers, who rarely purchase in supermarkets, because of price and distance constraints. This situation may change though if prices in supermarkets go down, as already reflected by the higher frequentation of supermarkets in Ho Chi Minh City as compared with Hanoi. Poor farmers have no direct access to supermarkets because of the requirements in terms of safety (for vegetables), quantities and conditions of delivery (for all products). Yet poor farmers can be indirect suppliers of supermarkets through the belonging to (or contracting with) farmers' associations supplying supermarkets. Ten farmers' associations, which work in the form of commercial organisations with shares, are regular suppliers of supermarkets for the selected products. Some have poor farmers as members, e.g., a vegetable cooperative in peri-urban Ho Chi Minh City and the flavoured rice association in Hai Hau. Their ability to supply supermarkets is related to the combination of functions they supply to their members: technical training (e.g. as regards safe vegetable production), input supply, collective marketing, quality control, credit supply, for which they receive public and NGO support. Supermarket supply through farmers' associations generally generates increases in farmers' incomes when compared with traditional chains, with a lot of variations: no difference for baby tomato chain, 42% increase for the litchi and rice chains, 25% for Soc Son vegetable farmers, 400% for water convolvulus in peri-urban Ho Chi Minh City. The supply of supermarkets is mostly appreciated by farmers because of a higher stability in prices and quantities purchased than in traditional chains, yet the situation is reported to change with the increase in supermarket competition. Shops represent another type of outlet for which farmers' associations benefit from the same advantages than supermarkets with less constraining requirements. Small-scale suppliers can get more added value by the promotion of farmers' associations involved in quality development and control through training and credit programmes. Propositions aimed a

The participation of the poor in supermarkets and other distribution value chains : draft synthesis. Working paper

穷人参与超市和其他分销价值链：综合草案。

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